Epidemiology associations

Aspirin is epidemiologically associated with Reye s syndrome, a rare but often fatal consequence of infection with varicella, influenza and various other viruses, and salicylates are therefore contraindicated in children with chicken pox or influenza. 

Scrutton, M. C., Ross-Murphy, S. B., Bennett, G. M., Stirling, Y., and Meade, T. W. (1994). Changes in clot deformability - a possible explanation for the epidemiological association between plasma fibrinogen concentration and myocardial infarction. Bbod Coagul. Fibrinolysis 5, 719-723. 

This policy guideline is based on a currentunderstanding of the toxicology and epidemiology associated withTCDD andits congeners (see Background section) and on exposure potential when soil is the primary medium of interest. 

Another factor to consider is that patients with endogenous skin disease are frequently more susceptible to cosmetic reactions. One reason is that patients with preexisting skin disease may have skin barrier dysfunction, with consequent increased permeability. Skin hyper-reactivity in atopic patients, particularly, has been gathering interest in recent years. Epidemiologic associations between atopic dermatitis and irritant dermatitis are now supported by skin bioengineering data.25... 

A number of studies, including several large prospective studies, such as the Framingham Study (Anderson et al, 1987), the Multiple Risk Intervention Trial (Stamler et al, 1986) and the Lipid Research Clinics Program (Pekkanen et al., 1990), as well as the Seven Countries Study (Verschuren et al, 1995) showed a positive correlation between levels of plasma cholesterol and mortality from CHD. However, epidemiological associations cannot prove causality and elevated cholesterol levels could be either a cause, a correlate or a consequence of CHD. 

Numerous health benefits have been epidemiologically associated with these proanthocyanins. Significant benefits of proanthocyanins might be their antioxidant protection especially against age-related diseases such as heart diseases and cancers. 

Depression and hypertension are both common conditions such that some co-morbidity is inevitable, and panic disorder is epidemiologically associated with hypertension. Co-prescription of an enzyme-inhibiting antidepressant with a P-adrenoceptor blocker (metoprolol, CYP 2D6) or with a calcium antagonist (diltiazem, amlodipine, CYP 3A4) may exaggerate antihypertensive effects. 

The nature of scientific inquiry has remained unchanged through all editions. As stated previously, one approach is the application of Koch s postulates, aided and abetted by various experimental animal models. Another involves population based epidemiologic associations to identify potentially causal relationships. Each has its advocates and disciples, and each provides valuable information that can be used by the clinician... 

Van Loveren H, Vox JG, Germolec D, et al. Epidemiological associations between occupational and environmental exposures and autoimmune disease Report of a meeting to explore current evidence and identify research needs. Int JHygEnviron Health 2001 203(5-6) 483-95. 

Henning KJ, Layton M. Bioterrorism. In APIC Text of Infection Control and Epidemiology. Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology Inc. Washington, DC Chapter 124 1-11, 2000... 

Determining whether an observed association (risk) is causal rather than spurious involves consideration of a number of factors. Sir Bradford Hill (Hill 1965) developed a set of guidelines for evaluating epidemiologic associations that can be used in conjunction with the discussion of causality. ... 

Several clinical and experimental studies have provided novel insights into the pathogenesis of lone AF, and modern diagnostic techniques have revealed previously unappreciated abnormalities. Thus in some patients with lone AF, there may be underlying abnormalities that are either occult or have yet to be discovered. In some patients with lone AF, occult hypertension may be present but masked by the antihypertensive effects of medications used for rate control. Several epidemiological associations of AF include obesity, sleep apnea, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, increased alcohol consumption, anger and hostility, increased pulse pressure, and subclinical atherosclerosis (assessed by carotid... 

Boffetta P. Methodological aspects of the epidemiological association between cadmium and cancer in humans. In Cadmium in the human environment toxicity and carcinogenicity. Nordberg G, Herber R, Alessio L (editors). International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) Scientific Publications vol 118, Lyon 1992 p. 425-434. 

Most of the studies cited above have included a case control design with parental occupational data extracted from birth or death certificates, or obtained during an interview with the parents. In view of the poor approximation of the exposure status provided by an occupational title and/or the employment industry, and as specific exposures have been identified by questioning the parents, but neither validated regarding quantity nor quality, the findings must be interpreted as an epidemiological association rather than be... 

Table 7.3 Chemicals and Industrial Processes that have been Epidemiologically Associated with Human Cancers ...

Studies aimed at establishing epidemiological associations between various factors and an intoxication can be carried out at two levels The first comprises the study of the conditions that cause the explosive growth of dinoflagellates, resulting in the production of toxins and their concentration in shellfish. The second level studies factors causing the diarrheic event in humans (Figure 3.1). 

A Proposed Criteria of Diagnosis of Subcretinism in China Epidemiology associated with endemic goiter and iodine deficiency... 

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