Skin Bioengineering

Another factor to consider is that patients with endogenous skin disease are frequently more susceptible to cosmetic reactions. One reason is that patients with preexisting skin disease may have skin barrier dysfunction, with consequent increased permeability. Skin hyper-reactivity in atopic patients, particularly, has been gathering interest in recent years. Epidemiologic associations between atopic dermatitis and irritant dermatitis are now supported by skin bioengineering data.25... 

Sensitive skin is not a single entity, but a heterogeneous syndrome, puzzling both consumer and clinician alike. The definition remains obscure, and so it follows that prevalence and pathophysiology are as yet undetermined. Innovative skin bioengineering techniques have opened up new avenues for... 

Salter, D.C., 1998. Examination of stratum comeum hydration state by electrical methods. In Eisner, R, et al. (Eds.), Skin Bioengineering. Techniques and Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetology. Karger. 

Franco, R.A., Nguyen, T.H., Lee, B.T., 2011. Preparation and characterization of electrospun PCL/PLGA membranes and chitosan/gelatin hydrogels for skin bioengineering applications. Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine 22 (10), 2207—2218. 

Dal belo, S. E., Rigo Caspar, L., Campos, B. G. M. and Maria, P. 2006. Moisturizing effect of cosmetic formulations containing Aloe vera extract in different concentrations assessed by skin bioengineering techniques. Skin Research and Technology, 12 (4), pp. 241—246. Defronzo, R.A., Bonadonna, R.C., Ferrannini, E., 1992. Pathogenesis of NIDDM. A balanced... 

The only engineered connective tissue equivalent currently used clinically is bioartificial skin. Bioengineered... 

Both static and flow-through diffusion cells are approved by the authorities, and data are available on their relevance for predicting the in vivo situation [2, 61-64], Basically, a donor and an acceptor compartment are separated by a membrane of either native skin or bioengineered materials. These materials can be of human, animal, or artificial origin. Sampling from the acceptor compartment is performed either continuously or at predetermined time intervals. 

Reconstructed Human Epidermis Equivalents Because of the limited availability of human skin, reconstructed human epidermis equivalents are under investigation to serve as membranes in permeation experiments. A summary on these replacement tools has been recently published by Netzlaff et al. [92], First results of a German prevalidation study have shown the suitability of such bioengineered human epidermis equivalents in permeation studies [93],... 

Kendall, M. A. F., Mitchell, T. J., Hardy, M. P., and Bellhouse, B. J. The ballistic delivery of high density, high velocity micro-particles into excised human skin, in Proceedings of Bioengineering Conference of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Snowbird, UT 2001. 

Jemec, G.B. and Serup, J. Scaling, dry skin and gender. A bioengineering study of dry skin. Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockh.) 1992 177 (Suppl.) 26-8. 

Warner, R.R. and Lilly, N.A. Correlation of water content with ultrastructure in the stratum corneum, In Eisner, P., Berardesca, E. and Maibach, H.I. Eds. Bioengineering of the Skin Water and the Stratum Corneum. CRC Press Inc., Florida, 1994, pp. 3-12. 

Takahashi, M. et al. The mechanism of stratum corneum plasticisation with water, in Bioengineering and the Skin, Marks, R. and Pine, P.A. Eds., MTP Press, Lancaster, England, 1981, p. 67. 

Nicander, I., Rantanen, I., Rozell, B.L. et al. The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods. Skin Res. Technol. 2003 9 50-8. 

Fluhr, J.W., Pfisterer, S., and Gloor, M. Direct comparison of skin physiology in children and adults with bioengineering methods. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2000 17 436 139. 

Fischer, T.W., Wigger-Alberti, W., and Eisner, P. Assessment of dry skin current bioengineering methods and tests designs. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 14, 183-195 (2001). 

Miller, D. D-Squame adhesive discs. In Bioengineering of the skin skin surface imaging and analysis. Wilhelm, K.P., Eisner, P., Berardesca, E., and Maibach, H.I. (Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 39 16 (1997). 

Over the years a panel of methods has been published for testing different properties of the SC barrier (Table 37.1). The combination of tests, employing the application of chemical probes to the skin and the measurement of skin responses with new bioengineering read-out systems allows to measure changes in barrier properties with high sensitivity and reliability. A subjective selection of skin barrier tests will be discussed further in this chapter. 

Bioengineering methods to measure skin responses to chemical probes... 

Determination of basal biophysiological parameters may identify subjects with sensitive skin. Earlier studies have shown that increased skin susceptibility has been correlated with an increased basal TEWL, 1 41 skin surface pH,42 and fair skin complexion (measured by chromametric L values),43 whereas no relationship was shown for basal skin thickness, skin blood flow, sebum excretion, and skin hydration.29 However, a recent study by Seidenari et al. utilizing multiple bioengineering techniques showed significant correlations only for capacitance and colorimetric a values.44... 

Bioengineering Methods and Biophysiological Parameters in Sensitive Skin Research30... 

Van Neste, D. and de Brouwer, B., Monitoring of skin response to sodium lauryl sulfate clinical scores versus bioengineering methods, Contact Dermatitis, 27, 151-156, 1992. 

Although such tools aid assessment, rarely will they provide data beyond that which can be obtained with thorough visual assessment of the sites at appropriate time points during a study (e.g., no single bioengineering tool is currently more sensitive than visual assessment techniques when conducted by experienced skin assessors, using sensitive scoring schemes). 

Bioengineering of the Skin Cutaneous Blood Flow and Erythema... 

Bioengineering of the Skin Skin Surface, Imaging, and Analysis... 

Bioengineering of the Skin Water and the Stratum Corneum, Second Edition... 

Dr. Loden is a member of several national and international societies such as the International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin, and acts in the Committee of the European Group of Efficacy Measurements of Cosmetics and Other Topical Products (EEMCO) and the Scandinavian Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCANCOS). She is also a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 

Berardesca E, Eisner P, Maibach HI (eds) (1995) Bioengineering of the skin cutaneous blood flow and erythema. CRC Press, Boca Raton... 

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