Chemicals irritant

Peritonitis is a leading cause of morbidity in PD patients, which often leads to loss of the catheter and subsequent change to HD as the treatment modality. However, recent advances with connectors used during instillation and drainage of dialysate and delivery systems have dramatically decreased the incidence of peritonitis. Peritonitis can be caused by chemical irritation or microorganisms. 

Chemical irritation from dialysate additives (e.g., antibiotics) Low dialysate temperature... 

Peritonitis An acute inflammatory reaction of the peritoneal lining to microorganisms or chemical irritation. 

The pain of OA arises from activation of nociceptive nerve endings within joints by mechanical and chemical irritants. OA pain may result from distension of the synovial capsule by increased joint fluid microfracture periosteal irritation or damage to ligaments, synovium, or the meniscus. 

Neurogenic inflammation induced by chemical irritation of the skin is... 

Alarie, Y. (1981a). Toxicological evaluation of airborne chemical irritants and allergens using respiratory reflex reactions. In Inhalation Toxicology and Technology (Leong, B.K.J., Ed.). Ann Arbor Science, Arm Arbor, pp. 207-231. 

Alarie, Y., Kane, L. and Barrow, C. (1980). Sensory irritation The use of an animal model to establish acceptable exposure to airborne chemical irritants. In Toxicology Principles and Practice 1 (Reeves, A.L., Ed.). Wiley, New York. 

Frosch PJ, Wissing C. 1982. Cutaneous sensitivity to ultraviolet light and chemical irritants. Arch Dermatol Res 272(3-4) 269-278. 

Exposure of human volunteers for 5 minutes to concentrations of 5-160 ppm caused complaints of irritation of the nose and throat, nausea, and metallic taste moderate eye irritation occurred at 80 ppm. Exposed workers have complained of nasal irritation, nausea, headache, malaise, and weakness. Signs and symptoms included decreased blood pressure, increased pulse rate, tremor, anxiety, and evidence of chemical irritation from skin contact. Laboratory findings suggested slight bone marrow depression. 

Toxicology. Wood dust exposure may cause eye and skin irritation, respiratory effects, and hardwood nasal cancer. Irritation of the skin and eyes resulting ftom contact with wood dust is relatively common and may result ftom mechanical action (e.g., irritation caused by bristles and splinters), chemical irritation, sensitization, or a combination of these factors. ... 

Neutralizing additive so/yf/on. Administer this solution promptly. When introducing additives, mix thoroughly, and do not store. Raising pH of IV fluids with neutralizing additive solution will reduce incidence of chemical irritation caused by infusate. 

Hydration -These drugs reach high concentrations in the renal system keep patients well hydrated to minimize chemical irritation of tubules. 

Because information on possible long-term effects of the other irritant chemicals used in the Edgewood tests is sparse, this chapter focuses on the effects of mustard gas and two lacrimators, CS and CN. Information on the potential long-term adverse effects of these chemicals is derived from several sources first, observation of long-term disabilities in soldiers who were exposed to a single (in most cases) toxic concentration of irritant during World War I and in persons exposed in peacetime accidents or riot-control procedures second, studies of morbidity in workers chronically exposed to chemical irritants during their manufacture and third, studies in which experimental laboratory animals were exposed to selected chemicals by topical application, injection, or aerosol inhalation. 

Treatment should be discontinued if there are signs of sensitivity or chemical irritation... 

Most of the information on the effects of air pollution on humans comes from acute pollution episodes such as the ones in Donora and London. Illnesses may result from chemical irritation of the respiratory tract, with certain sensitive subpopulations being more affected (1) very young children, whose respiratory and circulatory systems are poorly developed, (2) the elderly, whose cardiorespiratory systems function poorly, and (3) people with cardiorespiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and heart disease. Heavy smokers are also affected more adversely by air pollutants. In most cases the health problems are attributed to the combined action of particulates and sulfur dioxides (SO2) no one pollutant appears to be responsible. Table 4.2 summarizes some of the major air pollutants and their sources and effects. 

Chlorine Manufacture of pulp and paper, plastics, chlorinated chemicals Irritation... 

There are two points that emerge from these chapters that are worth drawing brief attention to here. First, it is clear that in those rare cases since the First World War when chemical weapons have been used on a substantial scale, it has always been against an enemy known to be deficient in anti-gas protective equipment or retaliatory capability. Second, in all substantiated cases of chemical warfare during the twentieth century, the employment of chemical irritants, such as tear gas, has always preceded the resort to more lethal chemical agents. This is true for the First World War, the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, the Japanese invasion of China and the Yemeni Civil War. In Vietnam, where irritants were used on a scale approaching that of the First World War, the reports of uses of more lethal chemicals remain unsubstantiated. These points seem to... 

A reaction to a chemical irritant can feel much like the hangover from excessive consumption of alcohol. It s even possible for somebody to first experience a pleasant up from certain substances, followed by a down (hangover). The withdrawal symptoms, which have been described by Dr. Rea, can be quite intense and often indicate poisoning and detoxification. After the liver has processed the substances, these symptoms tend to disappear. 

Corneocytes are about 1 /xm thick and have a mean area of approximately 1000 /xm2. However, the surface area is dependent upon age, anatomical location, and conditions that influence epidermal proliferation such as chemical irritation and UV irradiation.3 Corneocyte size increases with age. This is sometimes assumed to be related to the increased transit time within the SC. On most body sites, the SC consists typically of 12 to 16 layers of flattened corneocytes. 

Hamami, I. and Marks, R., Structural determinants of the response of the skin to chemical irritants,... 

Reichel G. 1984. [Obstructive airway diseases due to chemically irritative and toxic causes.] Atemswegs- Lungenkr 19 457-462. (German)... 

Occupational exposure to beryllium, a hapten, by inhalation of fumes/dust and/or by skin contact may result in one of two conditions that primarily affect the lungs. In acute berylliosis, which may occur following a high concentration exposure, the metal acts as a direct chemical irritant, causing a nonspecific inflammatory reaction (acute chemical pneumonitis). However, a small percentage of those exposed develop beryllium-specific T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity (Type IV) with proliferation and accu-... 

Intranasal use, a common method of cocaine abuse, can damage the sinonasal tract, causing acute and chronic inflammation, necrosis, and osteocartilaginous erosion (SEDA-17, 36). These conditions occur secondary to the combined effects of direct trauma from instrumentation, vasoconstriction of small blood vessels with resultant ischemic necrosis, and chemical irritation from adulterants. Intranasal cocaine users can develop septal perforation, saddle-nose deformities, and sinonasal structural damage. 

Midline nasal and hard palate destruction have been reported in two chronic users of intranasal cocaine (118). The pathophysiology of these lesions is multifactorial, including ischemia secondary to vasoconstriction, chemical irritation from adulterants, impaired mucociliary transport, reduced immunity, and infection secondary to trauma. 

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