Pulmonary irritants

There is a significant difference in the toxicological effects of saturated and unsaturated afiphatic aldehydes. As can be seen in Table 6, the presence of the double bond considerably enhances toxicity. The precautions for handling reactive unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein [78-85-3] and crotonaldehyde should be the same as those for handling other highly active eye and pulmonary irritants, as, for example, phosgene. 

Health and Safety Factors. Boron trifluoride is primarily a pulmonary irritant. The toxicity of the gas to humans has not been reported (58), but laboratory tests on animals gave results ranging from an increased pneumonitis to death. The TLV is 1 ppm (59,60). Inhalation toxicity studies in rats have shown that exposure to BF at 17 mg/m resulted in renal toxicity, whereas exposure at 6 mg/m did not result in a toxic response (61). Prolonged inhalation produced dental fluorosis (62). High concentrations bum the skin similarly to acids such as HBF and, if the skin is subject to prolonged exposure, the treatment should be the same as for fluoride exposure and hypocalcemia. No chronic effects have been observed in workers exposed to small quantities of the gas at frequent intervals over a period of years. 

Chromium trioxide (chromic anhydride) [1333-82-0] M 100.0, m 197°, dec at 250° to Cr203, d 2.70 (pK 0.74, pK 6.49, for H2Cr04, chromic acid). Red crystals from water (0.5mL/g) between 100° and -5°, or from water/conc HNO3 (1 5). It separates when potassium or sodium dichromate are dissolved in cone H2SO4. Dried in a vacuum desiccator over NaOH pellets hygroscopic, powerful oxidant, can ignite with organic compounds. It is a skin and pulmonary IRRITANT. 

Data on the NOAELS and LOAELS for death are presented in Table 2-1 for several animal species. The data presented indicate that species differences exist with respect to acute lethal effects. Dogs appear to be the most susceptible species, but this is based on studies involving only a few animals. The cause of death varied among test species. In guinea pigs, death resulted from pulmonary irritation (see Section 2.2.1.2) while in the other species convulsions and coma occurred (see Section 2.2.1.4) (Dudley and Neal 1942). It should be noted that this study is based on nominal concentrations without analytical verification. 

Hexachloroethane vapors and ingested hexachloroethane act as irritants on the lining of the lung, nasal cavity, trachea, and other tissues of the respiratory tract. Pulmonary irritation was associated with an increased incidence of mycoplasma infection in rats. Hexachloroethane exposure can also irritate the eyes. The irritation of the eye and respiratory tract are reversible once exposure has ceased. 

Excess mucus in the nasal turbinates, irritation of the epithelium, and increased incidence of a mycoplasma respiratory infection were seen in rats with inhalation exposure to 260 ppm for 6 weeks and in pregnant rats with inhalation exposure to 48 ppm for 11 days. Pulmonary irritation was also present in pregnant rats treated with an oral dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 11 days (Weeks et al. 1979). Effects on the respiratory epithelium were not apparent in the tissue of the lungs, nasal cavity, nasal turbinates, larynx, trachea, or bronchi based on histopathological examination (NTP 1977, 1989 Weeks et al. 1979). Exposure to... 

For example, Rinehart (1962) and Rinehart and Hatch (1964) showed that the CT product appears to be a valid way to express pulmonary irritation due to phosgene exposure in rats. This is based on the finding of equal degrees of respiratory response, as measured by reduction in pulmonary gas exchange... 

A particular pulmonary irritant may alter air or mucus flow, and this in turn is one of the factors determining the local tissue dosage of the irritant. Such positive or negative feedback effects should also be incorporated into a dynamic model. 

Dixon, J. R., W. D. Wagner, T. D. Martin, R. G. Keenan, and H. E. Stokinger. Metal shifts as early indicators of response from low-grade pulmonary irritation. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 9 225-233, 1966. 

Symptoms of exposure Eye, nose, and throat irritant coughing, bronchospasm, pulmonary irritation, dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness (NIOSH, 1997)... 

Symptoms of exposure Inhalation of vapors may cause headache, narcosis, nausea, pulmonary irritation, and convulsions (Patnaik, 1992). Exposure of skin to liquid may cause frostbite (NIOSH, 1997). 

Two reports [371, 372] of trials using disodium chromoglycate without isoprenaline confirmed that the drug possessed the beneficial properties claimed and that the dry powder could, in the absence of isoprenaline, give rise to transient pulmonary irritation. 

In humans, -butyl acetate affected the throat at 200 ppm severe throat irritation occurred at 3 00 ppm, and the majority of the subjects also complained of eye and nose irritation. Only slight eye and pulmonary irritation (as determined by lung function tests) were observed in volunteers exposed to 1400 mg/m for 20 minutes or 700mg/m for 4 hours. ... 

Toxicology. Cadmium oxide fume is a severe pulmonary irritant cadmium dust also is a pulmonary irritant, but it is less potent than cadmium fume because it has a larger particle size. Chronic exposure is associated with nephrotoxicity. Several inorganic cadmium compounds cause malignant tumors in animals. 

Exposure of rats to 800 ppm for 15 minutes was fatal, but nearly all survived when exposed for 13 minutes. There was severe inflammation of all exposed mucosal surfaces, resulting in lacrimation, corneal ulceration, and burning of exposed areas of skin. In another study, exposure of rats to 480 ppm for 40 minutes or to 96ppm for 3.7 hours was fatal in the latter group, effects were pulmonary edema and marked irritation of the bronchial mucosa. Chronic exposure of dogs and rats to about Ippm, 6 hours/day for up to 6 months caused severe pulmonary irritation and some deaths. ... 

Toxieology. 1-Chloro-l-nitropropane is an irritant of the eyes and mucous membranes. It is a pulmonary irritant in animals, and severe exposure is expected to cause the same effect in humans. 

A lethal exposure for humans is stated to be 119ppm for 30 minutes, with death resulting from pulmonary edema. Particular injury occurs in the medium and small bronchi. In addition to pulmonary irritation, human exposure results in lacrimation, cough, nausea, vomiting, and skin irritation persons injured by inhalation of chloropicrin vapor are said to be more susceptible to subsequent exposures. ... 

Toxicology. Cobalt hydrocarbonyl is expected to be a pulmonary irritant. 

Rabbits repeatedly exposed to 50 ppm for 7 hours/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks showed corneal damage, pulmonary irritation, moderate peribronchitis, and slight thickening of the vascular walls at 100 ppm, for the same exposure period, there was striking parenchymatous degeneration of the heart muscle in all exposed animals/... 

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