Contact woods

On the basis of these analyses it can be assumed that if a sample of the original wine is not available for direct comparison, white wines which exceed 200 mg/liter and red wines that exceed 450 mg GAE nonflavo-noid/liter have contacted wood or another source of extra nonflavonoid phenols. A series of 26 wines with a known history of cask aging was analyzed, and of these, nine either were known to be free of wood contact or contained little nonflavonoid, and contact was not indicated by analysis. The remaining 17 wines all were correctly indicated by analysis to have... 

Barnes HM, Amburgey TL and Sanders MG (2004) Performance of zinc-based preservative systems in ground contact. Wood Design Focus, 14(2) 13-7 Barnes HM and Murphy RJ (1995) Wood Preservation the classics and the new age. Forest Products Journal, 45(9) 16-26... 

Forster, S. C., Williams, G. R., Van Der Flaas, M., Bacon, M. and Gors, J., 2002. Bethogard A new wood protecting fungicide for use in metal-free ground contact wood preservatives. International Research Group on Wood Preservation. IRG/WP 02-30301. 

WOOD. Wet wood has caused varying degrees of corrosion of contacting aluminum aJIoys in labora-tmy tests. The degree of corrosion varied with the type of wood tested. It is good engineering practice to apply protection where aluminum alloys will contact wood which may become wet. Aluminum alloy nails, screws, and bolts have been used in wood. See also Ref (Dp. 147, (3) p. 231. 

While a superstructure based on the structure in Fig. 16.26 allows for many structural options, it is not comprehensive. Wood, Wilcox, and Grossmanr showed how direct contact heat transfer by mixing at unequal temperatures can be used to decrease the number of units in a heat exchanger network. Floudas, Ciric, and Grossman showed how such features can be included in a heat exchanger network superstructure. Figure 16.27 shows the structure from Fig. 16.26 with possibilities for direct contact heat transfer included. In the... 

The cleaning process proceeds by one of three primary mechanisms solubilization, emulsification, and roll-up [229]. In solubilization the oily phase partitions into surfactant micelles that desorb from the solid surface and diffuse into the bulk. As mentioned above, there is a body of theoretical work on solubilization [146, 147] and numerous experimental studies by a variety of spectroscopic techniques [143-145,230]. Emulsification involves the formation and removal of an emulsion at the oil-water interface the removal step may involve hydrodynamic as well as surface chemical forces. Emulsion formation is covered in Chapter XIV. In roll-up the surfactant reduces the contact angle of the liquid soil or the surface free energy of a solid particle aiding its detachment and subsequent removal by hydrodynamic forces. Adam and Stevenson s beautiful photographs illustrate roll-up of lanoline on wood fibers [231]. In order to achieve roll-up, one requires the surface free energies for soil detachment illustrated in Fig. XIII-14 to obey... 

It is a liquid, b,p. 363 K, but if heated it decomposes and hence must be distilled under reduced pressure decomposition may occur with explosive violence and this can occur even at room temperature if impurities are present. Combustible material, for example paper and wood, ignite spontaneously with explosive violence on contact with the acid, and it can produce painful blisters on the skin,... 

Another widely used overlay adhesive is the contact type. These specialized adhesives, in the same group as mbber cement, may be of the solvent-base or water-base types. They are often used to bond overlays such as wood veneer, vinyl (poly(vinyl chloride)) films, or high pressure laminates such as countertop overlays. 

Aqueous dispersions are used in fiber bonding, paper coating, friction and abrasive appHcations, and laminates and wood bonding. PhenoHc dispersions improve the strength of latex-contact adhesive appHcations. Epoxy-modified phenoHc dispersions are prepared by dispersion of the phenoHc epoxy resin. The systems are used for baked primer appHcations and bonding requirements. Minimum baking conditions are 20 min at 150°C (25). 

Resistance to Chemicals. Different species of wood vary in their resistance to chemical attack. The significant properties are beheved to be inherent to the wood stmcture, which governs the rate of ingress of the chemical and the composition of the cell wall, which affects the rate of action at the point of contact (56). 

In contact with iron under damp conditions, wood may show severe deterioration within a few years (57). Species high in acidic extractives seem especially prone to such attack. 

The best protection for wood against the attack of decay fungi, insects, or marine borers is obtained by applying preservatives under pressure before installation (61,62). Both oil-type preservatives, such as creosote or petroleum solutions of pentachlorophenol, and waterborne preservatives, such as copper-chrome arsenate and ammoniacal-copper arsenate, are used when wood is to be in direct contact with the ground or in the marine environments. 

For many centuries the application of materials for low friction and wear in sliding and rolling contacts primarily involved wood, stone, leather, iron, and copper. Almost all engineering materials have since been employed at one time or another in the continuing search for the best bearing material. Final selection is commonly a judgment based on the most essential material properties, ease of appHcation, and cost. 

Bonded Whiskey. Bonded whiskey is whiskey stored at least four years in wooden containers where the spirits have been in contact with the wood surface. It is unaltered from the original character by the addition or subtraction of any substance other than by filtration or chill proofing, is reduced in proof by the addition of water to 100° proof (50 vol %) and botded at 100° proof, and is produced at the same distillery in the same season (January through June or July through December). 

Bromates represent a potential fire and explosion hazard if heated, subjected to shock, or acidified. They should not be allowed to contact reactive organic matter, including paper and wood. Industrial quantities are packed in fiber dmms with polyethylene liners or in metal dmms. Laboratory quantities are supphed in glass bottles. For shipment, a yellow oxidizer label is required under DOT regulations. 

Low viscosity cellulose propionate butyrate esters containing 3—5% butyryl, 40—50% propionyl, and 2—3% hydroxyl groups have excellent compatibihty with oil-modified alkyd resins (qv) and are used in wood furniture coatings (155). Acetate butyrate esters have been used in such varied apphcations as hot-melt adhesive formulations (156), electrostatically spray-coated powders for fusible, non-cratering coatings on metal surfaces (157—159), contact lenses (qv) with improved oxygen permeabiUty and excellent wear characteristics (160—162), and as reverse-osmosis membranes for desalination of water (163). 

Nearly all dc railways use the rails to return the operating current. The rails are mounted on wood or concrete sleepers (ties) and have a reasonably good contact with the soil in surface railway installations. The electrolytically conducting soil is... 

Phenolic-neoprene contact cements are used for structural metal-metal bonding. especially where fatigue resistance and low temperature performance are important [209]. They are also used for bonding textiles, wood, rubbers, plastics, ceramics, and glass to metal and to one another. Solvent toxicity and flammability has greatly reduced the use of contact cements in the wood products industry. Water-based contact cements persist, but generally do not perform as well as the solvent systems, thus allowing market erosion by alternative binders. 

---