Soil Science

The use of DRIFTS for the characterization of surfaces has to date been limited, but has recently been used for applications in fields as diverse as sensors development [12], soils science [13], forensic chemistry [14], corrosion [15], wood science [16] and art [F7]. Given that there is in general no reason for preferring transmission over difilise reflectance in the study of high-area powder systems, DRIFTS is likely to become much more popular in the near fiiture. 

Micronutrients. Attention to meeting the micronutrient needs of crops has greatiy increased as evidenced in an analysis undertaken by TVA and the Soil Science Society in 1972 (99). The micronutrient elements most often found wanting in soil—crop situations are boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. Some of these essential micronutrients can be harmful to plants when used in excess. 

J. J. Mortvedt and co-eds.. Micronutrients inMgriculture, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wis., 1972. 

R. J. Kohel and C. E. Lewis, eds.. Cotton, Agronomy No. 24, American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Inc., Soil Science... 

The hydi ometer method is simpler in that the density of the suspension, which is related to the concentration, is read direc tly from the stem of the Iwdrometer while the depth is determined by the distance of the hydrometer bulb from the surface (ASTM Spec. Pub. 234, 1959). The method has low resolution but is widely used in soil science studies. 

Yates, F., 1937. Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments. Imperial Bureau of Soil Science, London. 

Fig. 8-3 Diagram illustrating the development of positively and negatively charged sites on surfaces of soil constituents, at low and high pH. (Reproduced with permission from R. L. Parfitt (1980). Chemical properties of variable charge soils. In "Soils with Variable Charge" (B. K. G. Theng, ed.), p. 168. New Zealand Society of Soil Science Offset Publications.)...

Campbell, I. B. and Claridge, G. G. C. (1987). "Antarctica Soils, Weathering Processes and Environment." Developments m Soil Science, Vol 16. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

The content of the material in a carbon reservoir is a measure of that reservoir s direct or indirect exchange rate with the atmosphere, although variations in solar also create variations in atmospheric content activity (Stuiver and Quay, 1980, 1981). Geologically important reservoirs (i.e., carbonate rocks and fossil carbon) contain no radiocarbon because the turnover times of these reservoirs are much longer than the isotope s half-life. The distribution of is used in studies of ocean circulation, soil sciences, and studies of the terrestrial biosphere. 

Huang JH, Matzner E (2004a) Adsorption and desorption of organotin compounds in organic and mineral soils. European Journal of Soil Science, 55(4) 693-698. 

Binkley, D., Sollins, P. and McGill, W.B. 1985 Natural abundance ofnitrogen-15 as a tool fortracing alder-fixed nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49 444-447. 

Davidson, E., Hart, S.C., Shanks, C.A. and Firestone, M.K. 1991 Measuring gross nitrogen mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification by isotopic pool dilution in intact soil cores. Journal of Soil Science 42 335—349. 

Shearer, G., Duffy, J., Kohl, D.H. and Commoner, B. 1974 A steady-state model of isotopic fractionation accompanying nitrogen transformations in soil. Soil Science Society of America... 

Karamanos, R.E., Voroney, R.P. and Rennie, D.A. 1981 Variation in natural N-15 abuudauce of central Saskatchewan soils. Soils Science Society of America Journal 45 826-828. 

Menzel, R.G. and Heald, W.R. 1959 Strontium and calcium contents of crop plants in relation to exchangeable strontium and calcium in the soil. Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America 23 110-112. 

Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Ifaly and tDepartmenf of Soil Science and Planf Nufrifion, University of Florence, 50144 Florence, Italy... 

Taylor, H.M. Ratliff, L.F. (1969). Root elongation rates of cotton and peanuts as a function of soil strength and soil water content. Soil Science, 108, 113-19. 

Speciated Components Little information is available for RMs with respect to the chemical forms or species in which elements occur. In the first approximation, bioavaila-ble, extractable, or leachable levels of elements are of interest. Secondly, at a higher degree of sophistication, data on the levels of the actual species or inorganic moieties such as nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, bromide, bromate, iodide, iodate, and molecular species of which the elements are constituents would be of relevance to those conducting mechanistic and speciation research. Reference materials that are certified for extractable elemental concentrations are not available to monitor the usual procedures in soil science based on extraction. 

H. Marschner, Soil-root interface Biological and biochemical processe.s. Soil Chemistry and Ecosystem Health (P. Huang, ed.). Soil Science Stx iety of America, Madi.son, Wisconsin, 1998, p. 191. 

S. Tagaki, The iron acquisition system in graminaceous plants and mugineic acids, Niitriophysiology of Metal Related Compounds (Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, eds.), Hakuyushia, Tokyo, Japan, 1990, p. 6. 

P. W. Wilson and O. Wyss, Mixed cropping and the excretion of nitrogen by leguminous plants. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 11 289 (1937). 

R. W. Smiley, Rhizosphere pH as influenced by plants, soils and nitrogen fertili.sers. Soil Science Society of America Journal 38 195 (1974). 

Y. Chen and T. Aviad, Effects of humic substances on plant growth. Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences Selected Readings (P. Mac Carthy, C. E. Clapp, R. L. Malcolm, and P. R. Bloom, eds.), American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, 1990, p. 161. 

D. R. Parker, R. L. Chaney, and W. A. Norvell. Chemical equilibrium models applications to plant nutrition research. Chemiccd Equilbrium and Reaction Models (R. H. Loeppert, ed.), Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America Special Publication, 42 163 (1995). 

G. Stotzky, Influence of soil mineral colloids on metabolic processes, growth, adhesion and ecology of microbes and virus. Interaction of Soil Minerals and Natural Organics and Microbes (P. M. Huang and M. Schnitzer, eds). Special Publication Number 17, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wl, 1986, pp 305-428. 

Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Mohammad Pessarakli Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses From Phytohormones to Genome Reorganization, edited by H. R. Lerner Handbook of Pest Management, edited by John R. Ruberson Environmental Soil Science Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Kim H. Tan... 

Moreira-Nordemann LM, Sieffermann G (1979) Distribution of uranium in soil profiles of Bahia state, Brazil. Soil Science 127 275-280... 

Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37901-1071... 

SSSA, Glossary of Soil Science Terms, Soil Science Society of America, SSSA Book Series, Madison, WI, 1996. 

Gee, G.W. and Or, D., Particle size analysis, in Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4, Physical Methods, Dane, J.H. and Topp, G.C., Eds, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 2002. 

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