Avoidance of interference

In addition to a continuity bond, the following further measures can be taken to reduce the interference  

Buried steel pipelines for the transport of gases (at pressures 4 bars) and of crude oil, brine and chemical products must be cathodically protected against corrosion according to technical regulations [1-4]. The cathodic protection process is also used to improve the operational safety and economics of gas distribution networks and in long-distance steel pipelines for water and heat distribution. Special measures are necessary in the region of insulated connections in pipelines that transport electrolytically conducting media. 

The electrical characteristic of a buried pipeline corresponds to that of an extended ground with a longitudinal resistance (see Section 24.4.2). The longitudinal resistance, / , related to the length I is described by Eq. (24-70) and is termed the resistance per unit length (resistance load), R.  

Here the electrical resistance of the pipeline material d is pipe 

The reciprocal grounding resistance is the leakage, G. The leakage related to the length, I, is the leakage per unit length (leakage load), G [see Eq. (24-71)]  

---

Avoidance of interference of other milk constituents with measurements is also of importance for example, dissociation of casein micelles by calcium-chelating agents, such as trisodium citrate or ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), may used to avoid interference of the micelles in particle size measurement, while clusters of fat globules can be disrupted by adding a low level of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). 

The elements (and associated peaks) shown in Figure 5 are the optimal peaks for monazite and/or xenotime analysis, based on avoidance of interferences with other peaks. Any factor influencing the peak count rate will ultimately affect the MDL. Several REE La peaks are subject to inter-element interference (see below) and therefore neglected in favor of LP peak analysis, despite the higher MDL associated with LP peaks. 

The analysis has been performed by means of NMR with the sodium salt of trifluoroacetic acid as internal standard for both chemical shift and fluorine content [44]. The notable advantage of the NMR method is the avoidance of interference from fluorine-containing impurities in the polymer. Any such impurities would give rise to signals quite distinct from those originating from the fluorines at the chain-ends. The relaxation times for the end-of-chain fluorines and those in the standard are 0.3 and 1.1s, respectively, and so to ensure valid comparison between peak areas and fluorine contents for standard and polymer, the delay between scans was extended to 5.6 s. 

Avoidance of interference. The data terms eu-e not damaged by interference in voltage or distortion, because at any one moment only one of two signal states is possible... 

An automatic method for the separation and determination of RF vitamin in food samples (chicken liver, tablet, and powder milk) is proposed by Zougagh and Rios [2], The method is based on the online coupling of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with a continuous flow-CE system with guided optical fiber fluorometric detection (CE-CE-ED). The whole SFE-CF-CE-FD arrangement allowed the automatic treatment of food samples (cleanup of the sample followed by the extraction of the analytes), and the direct introduction of a small volume of the extracted material to the CE-ED system for the determination of RF vitamins. Fluorescence detection introduced an acceptable sensitivity and contributed to avoidance of interferences by nonfluorescent polar compounds coming from the matrix samples in the extracted material. Electrophoretic responses were linear within the 0.05-1 pg/g range, whereas the detection limits of RE vitamins were in the 0.036-0.042 pg/g range. 

The spectrometer has an in-built preamplifier and A/D converter, its data acquisition is fidly computerpersonal computer or laptop equipment. A typical spectrum recorded in the case of a miniaturized microwave plasma discharge operated with argon is shown in Fig. 29b [65]. The resolution obtained does not allow the avoidance of interferences from multiple lines however, for measurements of line intensities in the case of line-poor spectra or for recording survey spectra the device is very useful. 

If the avoidance of anodic interference with other pipelines (see Section 9.2) is involved in the cathodic protection of the main pipeline, all lines must be con-... 

Solochrome dark blue or calcon ( C.1.15705). This is sometimes referred to as eriochrome blue black RC it is in fact sodium l-(2-hydroxy-l-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-4-sulphonate. The dyestuff has two ionisable phenolic hydrogen atoms the protons ionise stepwise with pK values of 7.4 and 13.5 respectively. An important application of the indicator is in the complexometric titration of calcium in the presence of magnesium this must be carried out at a pH of about 12.3 (obtained, for example, with a diethylamine buffer 5 mL for every 100 mL of solution) in order to avoid the interference of magnesium. Under these conditions magnesium is precipitated quantitatively as the hydroxide. The colour change is from pink to pure blue. 

At this point, the solution containing the component to be measured (Ax) also contains any other compounds from the original matrix that are soluble in the solvent used in the analysis. For the analysis to be accurate, other components in the matrix cannot interfere by eluting at the same retention time as the components to be measured. For accurate MS analyses, the matrix component must not interfere with production of the ions being measured for either the internal standard or the component to be measured. In some cases, to eliminate interferences, it may be necessary to increase the resolution of the mass spectrometer by narrowing the mass window being monitored. Alternatively, MS/MS can be used to avoid chemical interference (see Chapter 1). 

Variance, analysis, 277, 283-288 definition and equation, 268, 269 Voltage, adjustment, use in avoidance of line interference, 149 minimum desirable for excitation, 102... 

So far, 54 has not been prepared despite many attempts. However, there are various ways of avoiding the interference between the two inner protons. The approach that has been most successful involves bridging the 1 and 6 positions. ... 

Splicing into the existing series of thermocouples was not attempted in order to avoid possible interference with the normal control functions of the ARC. Pressure readings were obtained by tapping directly into the pressure transducer of the ARC. In this case, an amplifier had to be interposed between the ARC and the data acquisition board in order to boost the signal. Finally, the thermocouple and the amplified pressure transducer wires were... 

Although TCP is a liquid of low volatility at 20°C, solid samples were placed in a closed glass box to avoid any interference from the room atmosphere. 

Table 1 shows that the physicochemical properties of the support material were modified by the pre-treatment process. The particle sizes. Dp, which are summarized in the Table 1 were calculated from the X-ray diffraction patterns of prepared catalysts and a commercial catalyst(30 wt% Pt-Ru/C E-TEK) by using Scherrer s equation. To avoid the interference from other peaks, (220) peak was used. All the prepared catalysts show the particle sizes of the range from 2.0 to 2.8nm. It can be thought that these values are in the acceptable range for the proper electrode performance[7]. For the prepared catalysts, notable differences are inter-metal distances(X[nm]) compared to commercial one. Due to their larger surface areas of support materials, active metals are apart from each other more than 2 3 times distance than commercial catalyst. Pt-Ru/SRaw has the longest inter-metal distances. 

The drop in current that occurs in coulometric experiments may arise not only from the decrease in bulk concentration of the substance being analyzed, but also from a decrease in its surface concentration caused by the development of concentration gradients (see Section 11.2.1). Low values of current density and strong solution stirring are used to avoid the interference of such effects. Thin-layer cells where the electrodes are very close together (tens of micrometers) and the parameter ratio SIV is high, are often used to shorten the experiments. 

Non-specific absolute assay methods, e.g. volumetric titration, can be applied to avoid the establishment of a reference substance. This is only appropriate, however, when the monograph describes a separation test for related substances. This approach is certainly valid for the determination of the content of pharmaceutical raw materials but less acceptable for the assay of content of pharmaceutical preparations where the employment of specific assay methods is recommended (ICH Guideline 1994) to take account of decomposition of the active ingredient during the shelf life of the product and to avoid possible interference from excipients. 

Sample preparation for AFM analysis is relatively simple. Generally, a desired amount of sample is absorbed onto a smooth and clean substrate surface, for example, a freshly cleaved mica surface. For example, to prepare a food macromolecule sample for AFM imaging in air, the diluted macromolecule solution is disrupted by vortexing. Then, a small aliquot (tens of microliters) of vortexed solution is deposited onto a surface of freshly cleaved mica sheet by pipette. The mica surface is air dried before the AFM scan. A clean surrounding is required to avoid the interference of dust in the air. Molecular combing or fluid fixation may be applied to manipulate the molecule to get more information. 

---