Effect of R Ratio

Mars, W.V. and Fatemi, A., A phenomenological model for the effect of R ratio on fatigue of strain crystallizing rubbers. Rubber Chem. Tech., 76, 1241, 2003. 

The effect of R-ratio (0.1 R 0.7) on the craze zone size of PMMA has also been investigated in the range of 0.4 g 1.0 MPa /m at 1 Hz no consistent or significant influence could be established this context it should be... 

The effect of R ratio (Kmin/Kmax) is also influence on crack growth. Increasing the R ratio increases cyclic crack growth. 

Typical re-entrant piston-bowl design for a small, high-speed direct-injection Cl engine. (From Kook, S., Bae, C., Miles, P.C., Choi, D., Bergin, M., and Reitz, R.D., The Effect of Swirl Ratio and Fuel Injection Parameters on CO emission and Fuel Conversion Efficiency for High-Dilution, Low-Temperature Combustion in an Automotive Diesel Engine, SAE, 2006-01-019 2006. With permission.)... 

Table VI. Effect of R m VO(OR)2Cl on catalyst activity. Polymerization conditions moiar ratio butadiene, propylene is 1.1, monomer concentration, 31 wt. % in -hexane reaction, — 50°C catalyst, 0.8 mmol VO(OR)2Cl phm, 6.0 mmol i-Bu3Al phm reaction time, 3 h. Data from Ref. 19.

The effect of oil/water ratio has been studied extensively for various catalysts. Patel et al. [258] reported effect of oil/water ratio on rate of desulfurization by IGTS8. They used freeze-dried cells reconstituted with water to do the studies. They found that a minimum of 1.25 mL of water per gram of freeze-dried cells is necessary to enable biodesulfurization. At a W/O ratio of 1 9, about 82% of the maximum desulfurization activity was achieved. The rate of desulfurization was reported to be similar between the W/O ratio of 1 1 and 4 1, but decreased upon increasing oil content further. The effect of the ratio was also studied by Shan et al. using diesel oil as the oil phase and P. delafieldii R-8 as the biocatalyst [259], The water content was varied to obtain a W/O ratio between 0 1 and 20 1, using a fixed amount of biocatalyst and oil. The authors found that the desulfurization rate increased up to a W/O ratio of 2 1, after which it remained constant. 

Effect of the Ratio of R.AICI3-n/RmAlB, m on the trans/cis Ratio of 1,4-HEXADiENEa... 

MacLaughlin, T.F. and Barker, R.M. (1972). Effect of modulus ratio on stress near a discontinuous fiber. 

Figure 9 Effect of molar ratio of PCL and aromatic polyester on the biodegradability of CPE by R. dememar lipase, (a), (b), and (c) indicate PCL-PETG, PCL-PBT, and PCL-PEIP systems, respectively. Each reaction mixture for biodegradability assay contained CPE powder or its films ( 20 mg as polyester moiety) in a total volume of 1.0 ml. Reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 °C for l6 hours. Formation of the water-soluble TOC was in proportion to substrate amounts (up to 50 mg as PCL moiety) in this reaction system. (Reproduced from Reference l6. Copyright 1981 John Wiley. )...

Figure 10. Effect of molar ratio of PCL and nylon on the biodegradability of CPAE by R. delemar lipase. The reaction time for each CPAE synthesis was k hours. The basic structures of nylon were of two types. One was - NH(0112) 0(left) the other was -jNH(CH2)5NHC0(CH2)nC0j-jn (right). Left nylon 6 (O) nylon 11(A) nylon 12 ( ) right nylon 6,6 (O ) nylon 6,9 (A) nylon 6,12 ( ). Assay conditions are the same as in the case of Figure 9 except CPAE was used in stead of CPE. (Reproduced from Reference IT. Copyright 1979 John Wiley ns Inc.)...

Figure 2.36 shows the effect of the ratio r/k on the relative proportions of Knudsen to Poiseuille flow in a cylindrical capillary [57], When r/k is greater than one, Poiseuille flow predominates. Because the mean free path of gases at atmospheric pressure is in the range of 500-2000 A, for Knudsen flow to predominate and a separation to be obtained, the membrane pore radius must be less than 500 A. 

Effect of aspect ratio R on fracture toughness of SiC(w)-Si3N4 composites. 

Chen, Y.H., Liu, Y., Wang, Q., Yin, H., Nico, A., and Kierkels, R. 2003. Performance of intumescent flame retardant master batch synthesized through twin-screw reactively extruding technology Effect of component ratio. Polym. Deg. Stab. 81 215-224. 

Figure 2.11 Effect of reflux ratio on component balance lines, (a) Overall (b) R < Amin, impossible operation (c) R = minimum reflux

Takahashi R, Nassar BA, Huang YS, Begin ME, and Horrobin DF. (1987). Effect of different ratios of dietary n-6 and n-3 fritty acids on fatty acid composition, prostagtandin Axmation, and platelet aggregation in the rat Thromb. Res. 47,135. 

TEOS-Microemulsion System, In these experiments the overall concentrations of water, ammonia, and TEOS were kept constant. The water-to-surfactant molar ratio R was varied by changing the total surfactant concentration. Thus, the observed effect of R on particle size and size distribution is due to the presence of surfactant aggregates, which result in the localization of reagents in well-defined polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) domains. The NP-5-cyclohexane-NH40H system... 

We next investigate the effect of the ratio R in equation 5. In the original nucleophilicity scales, the nucleophilicities of acetic and formic acids were set equal, based on interpretations of solvolysis data in the literature and on the nucleophilicities of these in S02 solvent, a property perhaps somewhat distantly related to the nucleophilicity in a pure solvent. We have now calculated yA as a function of R yA changes sign at an R value near 1.2 (Figure 7). Equation 3 shows that N values become scaled A values when yA becomes 0 at an R value near 1.2. We note that changing R is merely a roundabout way to vary the proportion of A and B in the N and Y parameters. 

Figure 5.1 Electron-withdrawing power effect of R group in RCOCl on the log ortho-C/O reactivity ratio.

Fig. 44. Effect of R (% of 02/C3H8 ratio as defined in the text) on H2 production in temperature-programmed oxidation of propane on (1) 1 wt% Pt-0.2wt% Rh/Ce02(i2wt%)/Al203 and (2) 02 and H2 production at...

Figure 12.10. Effect of reflux ratio on cost. [J. R. Fair and W. L. Botles, Chem. Eng., 75 (9), 156-178 (April 22, 1968).

C. Madeira, L. M. S. Loura, M. Prieto, A. Fedorov, M. R. Aires-Barros, Liposome complexa-tion efficiency monitored by FRET effect of charge ratio, helper lipid and plasmid size, Eur. Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett., 2007, 36, 609—620. 

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