Antimony species

Existing CRMs RMs or CRMs for antimony species are not available yet. 

Bertine and Lee [60] have described hydride generation techniques for determining total antimony, Sb (V), Sb (III), Sb-S species and organo-antimony species in frozen seawater samples. 

Andreae [712] used four different detectors in his investigations the electron capture detector (for the methylarsines), the quartz cuvette atomic absorption detector (for arsenic and antimony species), the graphite furnace atomic... 

Mechanism [5] was based on the results obtained from multi-step sequential pyrolysis experiments in an inert atmosphere (23). This mechanism [5] differs from [3], primarily in that [5] was proposed to be surface catalytic in nature, and that the reaction between the oxide particle surface and the organohalogen was considered only as the first step, initiating the process leading to the eventual formation of volatile antimony species. 

On the basis of the data obtained from the early thermal analysis and tube furnace pyrolysis experiments performed during the initial phases of this investigation, it became apparent that in order to establish the principal reaction pathways to the generation of volatile antimony species, the volatile degradation products of the DBDPO itself would need to be characterized (24, 25). 

Cutter et al. [121] have described a method for the simultaneous determination of arsenic and antimony species in sediments. This method uses selective hydride generation with gas chromatography using a photoionization detector. 

The detection of antimony species in drinking water stored in (polyethylene terephthalate) PET containers has been reported by several groups.38,39 As a result most commercially available PET materials typically contain 190-300 (xgg-1 Sb,40 whereby antimony trioxide is a suspected carcinogen. Sb that is leached from the PET containers in drinking waters was observed to be 100 times elevated compared with uncontaminated ground or drinking water... 

H. Matusiewicz and M. Krawczyk, Determination of total antimony and inorganic antimony species by hydride generation in situ trapping flame atomic absorption spectrometry a new way to (ultra)trace speciation analysis, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 23, 2008, 43-53. 

Mok, W.-M. and Wai, C.M. (1990) Distribution and mobilization of arsenic and antimony species in the Coeur d Alene River, Idaho. Environmental Science and Technology, 24(1), 102-108. 

Recent interests have focused on establishing whether inorganic antimony is reduced and biomethylated in the environment, and the development of methods which provide unequivocal identification of the various chemical species. Dodd et at. (1996) produced one of the first pieces of evidence to show the presence of antimony species in biota collected from polluted lakes. Four antimony-containing species Sb(III) methylstibine, CH3SbH2 dimethylstibine, (CH3)2SbH and trimethylstibine, (CH3)3Sb were detected. Further evidence of biomethylation was produced by Giirleyiik et at. (1997) who detected (CH3)3Sb in the headspace of soil samples to which the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 and either potassium antimonyltartrate or potassium hexahydroxyantimonate had been added. 

Solutions containing Sbm and Sbv in deionised water at 0°C and 25°C in polyethylene containers were stable for 1 year (De la Calle Guntinas and Camara, 1992). However, samples of natural water, acidified to pH 2 or less, required rapid freezing to -4°C to avoid oxidation of Sbm. In anoxic seawater, concentrations of antimony species (Sbm and Sbv) in stored samples were about 49% lower than those determined at sea soon after the samples had been obtained (Cutter et al., 1991). Samples of particulate material were placed in acid-cleaned plastic bags or vials and then preserved by freezing. 

A method for the determination of Sbm and Sbv in environmental samples was based upon HPLC-ICP-MS (Lintchinger et al., 1997). Inorganic Sbm and Sbv were separated from each other and from organic antimony species, (CH3)3SbCl2 and (CH3)3Sb(OH)2, on an anion-exchange column. The detection limits were in the lower mg dm-3 range. The method was applied to analyses of hot spring samples and soil samples that had been contaminated with antimony. 

Cutter, L.S., Cutter, G.A. and Diego-McGlone, M.L.C. (1991) Simultaneous determination of inorganic arsenic and antimony species in natural waters using selective hydride generation with gas chromatographic/photoionization detection. Anal. Chem., 63, 1138-1142. 

Lintchinger, J., Koch, I., Serves, S., Feldmann, J. and Cullen, W.R. (1997) Determination of antimony species with high-performance liquid chromatography using element specific detection. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 359, 484-491. 

Antimony species, namely Sb(III), Sb(V), and trimethylstiboxide (TMeSbO), were selectively generated and measured in orange juice samples by FIA-HG-ICP-AES with fluoride as the modifier [53]. The influence of different fluoride concentrations on the reduction and prereduction of the species was investigated. 

N. Ulrich, Determination of antimony species with fluoride as modifier and flow injection hydride generation inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry, Anal. Chim. Acta, 417 (2000), 201-209. 

The electrodeposition of antimony, Sb, has been reported in both acidic and basic BPCI-AICI3 ionic liquid [28, 29]. Antimony trichloride, SbCl3, is soluble in both acidic and basic ionic liquids. In the case of an acidic ionic liquid, a cationic trivalent antimony species, SbClJ, is formed and can be reduced to the metallic state ... 

The electrodeposition of antimony [77] and indium-antimony [78] alloys has been reported in a basic EMICI-EMIBF4 ionic liquid. Antimony trichloride, SbCl3, dissolves in the ionic liquid and forms SbQ, the same as in the basic chloro-aluminate ionic liquid. Metallic Sb can be obtained by the cathodic reduction of SbCl4, as shown in Eq. (9.14). The formal potential of Sb(III)/Sb is reported as —0.27 V vs. AI/Al(in) in the ionic liquid containing Cl at 0.11 M. In addition the oxidation of SbCl4 leads to the formation of a pentavalent antimony species, SbClg ... 

WiUiams-Jones and Normand (1997) suggest that the conditions of maximum gold concentration in hydrothermal fluids correspond closely to the conditions of maximum antimony concentration, where the dominant aqueous antimony species is HSb2S4- Because stibnite (Sb2S3) solubility increases rapidly with temperature, and because antimony is a rare element, the ratio of the concentration of antimony in hydrothermal solutions to its solubility limit is usually rather low, until temperature drops to the general range of 150-300 °C. Under the restricted conditions of maximum gold solubility, stibnite precipitation is considered by Williams-Jones and Normand to be controlled by the mass action expression... 

TABLE 9. Antimony species concentration (ng Sb 1 ) in fresh, estuarine and marine waters ... 

The separation of organomercury was conducted by using a SB-methyl-100 capillary column and pure CO2 as the mobile phase. FID and atomic fluorescence were used for detection. The same column was also used for separation of mercury, arsenic, and antimony species using carbon dioxide as the mobile phase. A chelating reagent, bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate, was used in this case to convert the metal ions to organometallic compounds before the separation. The detection limit of FID was 7 and 11 pg for arsenic and antimony, respectively. 

The toxicity of antimony is a function of the water solubility and the oxidation state of the antimony species under consideration. It can react with red cell membrane and interfere with hemoglobin function. It has high affinity for sulfhydryl groups. 

Quentel F and Filella M (2002) Determination of inorganic antimony species in seawater by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry stability of the trivalent state. Anal Chim Acta 452 237-244. 

Laintz, K.E. Shieh, G.M. Wai, C.M. Simultaneous determination of arsenic and antimony species in environmental samples using bis(trifluoroethyl)dithiocarbamate chelation and supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 

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