In Textiles

Underwear containing the squalane CyD inclusion complex as an active ingredient are already on the market in Japan. Powdered squalane is attached to fibers with a special binder. Squalane is extracted from the liver oil of deep-sea sharks. It can prevent human skin from drying and keep skin velvety. CyDs are used to squalane in powder form. 

Underwear for patients with atopic dermatitis can effectively prevent skin itch-ness. CyDs are used to assist the production of y-linolenic acid in powder form. The powdered y-linolenic acid is fixed on fibers of the underwear. y-Linolenic acid can be absorbed directly by the skin. This substance is believed to effectively maintain the water-retention ability of the skin. Special processing is adopted to ensure that it remains effective even after repeated washing. 

Underwears and socks with antibacterial properties, made from fabrics containing the Hinokitiol CyD inclusion complex mentioned earlier, are marketed in Japan. 

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Used industrially to cross-link hydroxylic polymers, polyethyleneimine. Possesses some carcinogenic properties. Polyethyleneimine is a hygroscopic liquid used in paper manufacture to confer wet strength and in textiles, alkylated derivatives also form useful polymers. 

Used as fibres, particularly in textiles and film. Many other polyester polymers are of importance, e.g. unsaturated polyester resins from phthalic anhydride, propylene glycol and maleic anhydride used with reinforcement in boats, cars, etc. (alkyd resins). U.S. production 1983 1-7 megatonnes. 

Boric acid is also an important boron compound with major markets in textile products. Use of borax as a mild antiseptic is minor in terms of dollars and tons. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the manufacture of borosilicate glasses. Other boron compounds show promise in treating arthritis. 

Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. The element has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc. however, beta sources are both more commonly used and less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. 

J. W. S. Heade and R. H. Peters, Moisture in Textiles, The Textile Institute, Butterworths Scientific PubHcations, Manchester, UK, 1960. 

W. J. Lyons, Impact Phenomena in Textiles, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1963. 

Fibers in Textiles Identification, AATCC Test Method 20-1973, Technical Manual 50 50, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1974. 

The predominant cellulose ester fiber is cellulose acetate, a partially acetylated cellulose, also called acetate or secondary acetate. It is widely used in textiles because of its attractive economics, bright color, styling versatiUty, and other favorable aesthetic properties. However, its largest commercial appHcation is as the fibrous material in cigarette filters, where its smoke removal properties and contribution to taste make it the standard for the cigarette industry. Cellulose triacetate fiber, also known as primary cellulose acetate, is an almost completely acetylated cellulose. Although it has fiber properties that are different, and in many ways better than cellulose acetate, it is of lower commercial significance primarily because of environmental considerations in fiber preparation. 

The elongation of a stretched fiber is best described as a combination of instantaneous extension and a time-dependent extension or creep. This viscoelastic behavior is common to many textile fibers, including acetate. Conversely, recovery of viscoelastic fibers is typically described as a combination of immediate elastic recovery, delayed recovery, and permanent set or secondary creep. The permanent set is the residual extension that is not recoverable. These three components of recovery for acetate are given in Table 1 (4). The elastic recovery of acetate fibers alone and in blends has also been reported (5). In textile processing strains of more than 10% are avoided in order to produce a fabric of acceptable dimensional or shape stabiUty. 

Fibers (see Fibers, survey) used in textile production can have a wide variety of origins plants, ie, ceUulosic fibers (see Fibers, cellulose esters) animals, ie, protein fibers (see Wool) and, in the twentieth century, synthetic polymers. Depending on the part of the plant, the ceUulosic fibers can be classified as seed fibers, eg, cotton (qv), kapok bast fibers, eg, linen from flax, hemp, jute and leaf fibers, eg, agave. Protein fibers include wool and hair fibers from a large variety of mammals, eg, sheep, goats, camels, rabbits, etc, and the cocoon material of insect larvae (sUk). Real sUk is derived from the cocoon of the silkworm, Bombjx mori and for a long time was only produced in China, from which it was traded widely as a highly valuable material. 

Deterioration. The causes of degradation phenomena in textiles (155—158, 164) are many and include pollution, bleaches, acids, alkaUes, and, of course, wear. The single most important effect, however, is that of photodegradation. Both ceUulosic and proteinaceous fibers are highly photosensitive. The natural sensitivity of the fibers are enhanced by impurities, remainders of finishing processes, and mordants for dyes. Depolymerization and oxidation lead to decreased fiber strength and to embrittlement. 

Phosphorus-Containing Polymers. A large number of addition and condensation polymers having phosphoms built in have been described, but few have been commercialized (131,132). No general statement seems warranted regarding the efficacy of built-in vs additive phosphoms (133). However, in textile fibers, there is greater assurance of permanency. 

A critical review of the toxicity of the haloalkyl phosphates and the potential metaboHc products is available (141). The toxicity of flame retardants used in textiles has also been reviewed (142). 

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