Special processes

The standard defines special processes as processes, the results of which cannot be fullp verified bp subsequent inspection and testing of the product and where, for example, processing deficiencies map become apparent onip after the product is in use. 

In service industries, special processes include correctness of financial or legal documents, software, professional advice, etc. In such cases, these processes are not separated for special treatment, as all processes in the business may fall into this category. 

Within your quality system you should produce and maintain a list of special processes that have been qualified and a list of the personnel who are qualified to operate them. In this way you can easily identify an unqualified process or an unauthorized person, or an obsolete list if you have neglected to maintain it. 

The standard requires special processes to be carried out bp qualified operators and/or continuous monitoring and contol of process parameters to ensure that the specified requirements are met. 

Where process capability relies upon the competence of personnel, personnel operating such processes need to be appropriately educated and trained and undergo examination of their competency. Where there is less reliance on personnel but more on the consistency of materials, environment, and processing equipment, operations should be monitored continuously by inspection, observation, or other techniques. 

Depending on the final application, fibres sometimes do not need to be spun 

In the case of polyester-based materials, the recycling starts by cutting the 

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Europium oxide is now widely used as a phospor activator and europium-activated yttrium vanadate is in commercial use as the red phosphor in color TV tubes. Europium-doped plastic has been used as a laser material. With the development of ion-exchange techniques and special processes, the cost of the metal has been greatly reduced in recent years. 

Humidification. For wiater operation, or for special process requirements, humidification maybe required (see Simultaneous HEAT and mass transfer). Humidification can be effected by an air washer which employs direct water sprays (see Evaporation). Regulation is maintained by cycling the water sprays or by temperature control of the air or water. Where a large humidification capacity is required, an ejector which direcdy mixes air and water in a no22le may be employed. Steam may be used to power the no22le. Live low pressure steam can also be released directly into the air stream. Capillary-type humidifiers employ wetted porous media to provide extended air and water contact. Pan-type humidifiers are employed where the required capacity is small. A water filled pan is located on one side of the air duct. The water is heated electrically or by steam. The use of steam, however, necessitates additional boiler feed water treatment and may add odors to the air stream. Direct use of steam for humidification also requires careful attention to indoor air quahty. 

In contrast to dyes, fluorescent whiteners are not appHed exclusively in special processes, but often in combination with bleaching and finishing steps. Fluorescent whiteners used in such processes must be stable and should not interfere with the operation. 

Good effects can be obtained only in special processes with high washing and/or drying temperatures. 

Distinctions between tar sands bitumens and heavy oils are based largely on differences in viscosities. The bitumen in oil sand has a specific gravity of less than 0.986 g/mL (12°API), and thus oil sands may be regarded as a source of extremely heavy cmde oil. Whereas heavy oils might be produced by the same techniques used for the lighter cmde oils, the bitumens in tar sands are too viscous for these techniques. Consequently these oil-bearing stones have to be mined and specially processed to recover contained hydrocarbon. 

AH special processes involve extra capital and operating costs, time, and a reaUstic analysis of markets and procedures. Because of increasing quaUty demands, some form of ladle treatment has become essential in steelmaking of the 1990s. 

Therefore, the amount of water present determines the concentration of N02 and hence the extent of nitration. The degree of cellulose nitration is designated by the nitrogen content. The maximum commercial DS is 2.9, which corresponds to 13.8% N. Products over 14% N have been obtained by special processes (51—54). 

Processed diatomite powders and aggregates in the United States range in price from 20 to 225/1 for products in carload quantities. Materials for speciali2ed apphcations, which are sold in small volumes and require special processing, range up to 900/t in carload quantities. All of these prices are fob the diatomite plant. 

A number of special processes have been developed for difficult separations, such as the separation of the stable isotopes of uranium and those of other elements (see Nuclear reactors Uraniumand uranium compounds). Two of these processes, gaseous diffusion and gas centrifugation, are used by several nations on a multibillion doUar scale to separate partially the uranium isotopes and to produce a much more valuable fuel for nuclear power reactors. Because separation in these special processes depends upon the different rates of diffusion of the components, the processes are often referred to collectively as diffusion separation methods. There is also a thermal diffusion process used on a modest scale for the separation of heflum-group gases (qv) and on a laboratory scale for the separation of various other materials. Thermal diffusion is not discussed herein. 

NFPA 86C Standard for Industrial Furnaces Using a Special Processing Atmosphere. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Details on special processing requirements, including emergency situations... 

In some cases, because of severe corrosion problems or for special process reasons, a unit must have its own separate blowdown system. A sulfuric acid alkylation process is an example. Here the discharge from safety valves which can contain acid emulsion presents two particular problems corrosion and slow disengaging of hydrocarbon from acid. 

This was confirmed by an independent analytical method by Spath and Boschan, and by a synthesis of pellotine by Spath and Becke, starting from the benzyl ether of 2-hydroxy-3 4-dimethoxyacetophenone, which was converted by aminoacetal into the Schiff s base (V). This, on treatment with sulphuric acid (73 per cent.), followed by warm water, gave 8-hydroxy-6 7-dimethoxy-l-methyh 5oquinoline (VI), of which the methiodide, m.p. 188-189-5°, on reduction furnishes pellotine (IV). From dZ-pellotine so formed Spath and Kesztler, by a special process of fractionation, isolated 1-pellotine having — 15-2° (CHCI3), for which... 

Curare was first examined by Roulin and Boussingalt, who isolated a syrupy body, which they named curarine much later a similar substance was obtained by Buchner, - and in 1865 Preyer announced that he had obtained curarine and its salts in a well-crystallised condition, and by analysis of the platinichloride, ascertained its composition to be C10H35N. Sachs - was only able to obtain an amorphous alkaloid, to which he assigned the formula CigHjjN. The work of Boehm explained to some extent these discrepant results he examined all three varieties and showed that they differed in composition, and that the isolation of the various curarines as single substances required special processes. 

The specimen examined by King - contained a mixture of alkaloids, which was partially separated by a special process into (a) non-quaternary bases, and (b) quaternary bases. From the former, which was a mixture of phenolic alkaloids, Boehm s protocuridine and a new isomeride of this, u oprotocuridine, were isolated. 

The term approval can be taken to mean certification or qualification, the difference being that certification is performed each time the equipment is repaired and qualification only when the equipment is introduced into service. The standard only refers to the term qualification in connection with special processes, but this clause does not distinguish between special and ordinary processes and equipment. However, there are two levels of approval that apply to processes and equipment initial qualification approval and periodic setting-up approval. 

To limit the potential for deficiencies to escape detection before the product is released, special processes should be documented in the form of procedures and specifications that will ensure the suitability of all equipment, personnel, and facilities, and prevent varying conditions, activities, or operations. Qualification in the context of special processes means that you need to conduct a thorough assessment of the processes to determine their capability to maintain or detect the conditions needed to produce conforming product consistently. The limits of capability need to be determined and the processes only applied within these limits. In qualifying the processes you need to qualify the personnel using them by training and examination as well as the materials, equipment, and facilities employed. It is the combination of personnel, materials, equipment, and facilities which ensure qualified processes. 

In production you need to ensure that only those personnel, equipment, materials, and facilities that were qualified are employed in the process, otherwise you will invalidate the qualification and inject uncertainty into the results. If subcontracting special processes you need to ensure that the subcontractor only employs qualified personnel and has qualified process equipment and facilities (see Part 2 Chapters 6 and 18). 

The records of qualified personnel using special processes should be governed by the training requirements covered in Part 2 Chapter 18. Regarding the equipment, you will need to identify the equipment and facilities required within the process specifications and maintain records of the equipment in terms of ... 

Train and qualify operators working with special processes. 

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