Textile mills

Polonium can be mixed or alloyed with beryllium to provide a source of neutrons. The element has been used in devices for eliminating static charges in textile mills, etc. however, beta sources are both more commonly used and less dangerous. It is also used on brushes for removing dust from photographic films. The polonium for these is carefully sealed and controlled, minimizing hazards to the user. 

Humidification. Adding moisture to air has long been used to control static and to help dissipate static electricity in textile mills (see A IR conditioning). Moisture does not improve the electrical conductivity of the air, but it increases the electrical conductivity of materials absorbing moisture. 

A 5—6% sodium hypochlorite solution is sold for household purposes, of which the largest use is in laundry. Solutions of 10—15% NaOCl are sold for swimming pool disinfection, institutional laundries, and industrial purposes. Solutions of various strengths are used in household and industrial and institutional (I I) cleaners, disinfectants, and mildewcides. A small amount is used in textile mills. Sodium hypochlorite is also made on site with 30—40 g/L available chlorine for pulp bleaching, but its use is decreasing in order to reduce chloroform emissions (see Chlorine oxygen acids and salts). 

The largest use of calcium hypochlorite is for water treatment. It is also used for I I and household disinfectants, cleaners, and mildewcides. Most of the household uses have been limited to in-tank toilet bowl cleaners. In areas where chlorine cannot be shipped or is otherwise unavailable, calcium hypochlorite is used to bleach textiles in commercial laundries and textile mills. It is usually first converted to sodium hypochlorite by mixing it with an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate and removing the precipitated calcium carbonate. Or, it can be dissolved in the presence of sufficient sodium tripolyphosphate to prevent the precipitation of calcium salts. However, calcium hypochlorite is not usually used to bleach laundry and textiles because of problems with insoluble inorganic calcium salts and precipitation of soaps and anionic detergents as their calcium salts. 

Foam Fractionation. An interesting experimental method that has been performed for wastewater treatment of disperse dyes is foam fractionation (88). This method is based on the phenomenon that surface-active solutes collect at gas—Hquid iaterfaces. The results were 86—96% color removal from a brown disperse dye solution and 75% color removal from a textile mill wastewater. Unfortunately, the necessary chemical costs make this method relatively expensive (see Foams). 

For Reactive Blue 19 [2580-78-1] (Cl 61200 its reactive form, the vinyl sulfone (5), was found in the effluents of a textile mill and a wastewater treatment plant. The hydrolysis product of the vinyl sulfone was detected only in the effluent of the textile mill (257). 

A number of papers have appeared on the removal of heavy metals in the effluents of dyestuff and textile mill plants. The methods used were coagulation (320—324), polymeric adsorption (325), ultrafiltration (326,327), carbon adsorption (328,329), electrochemical (330), and incineration and landfiU (331). Of interest is the removal of these heavy metals, especiaUy copper by chelation using trimercaptotria2ine (332) and reactive dyed jute or sawdust (333). 

Textile mill products Weaving, processing, dyeing, shipping Cloth and filter residues... 

Effluents of oil refineries, textile mills, power stations, pulp mills, sewage treatment works, vegetable oil factories... 

Very high temperature-rise permissible limits of resistance units render them unsuitable for installations which are fire-prone, such its pulp and paper industries, chemical industries, refineries, textile mills, etc. For specific iipphcations and surroundings, however, resistance design can be altered (derated) to restrict the temperature rise to within desirable limits. 

Spinn-faser, /. flber for spinning, textile flber specif., staple rayon, -fett, n. (Textiles) mill oil. -fliissigkeit, /. spinning solution, spin-... 

Walk-, fuller s, fulling felting,felted, -briihe, /. (,Textiles) milling liquor. 

This process is very much used for ambient control in textile mills and, to a lesser extent, in greenhouses for vegetable production in hot, dry climates. 

Polonium is a radioactive, low-melting metalloid. It is a useful source of a particles (helium-4 nuclei they are described in more detail in Section 15.11) and is used in antistatic devices in textile mills the a particles reduce static by counteracting the negative charges that tend to build up on the fast-moving fabric. 

Effluent for a denim textile mill Denim textile wastewater reuse Turkey Activated sludge/ MF/NF... 

Herbert T. Pratt. Textile Mill Scale-Up of Nylon Hosiery, 1937-1938. In Manmade Fibers Their Origin and Development. Raymond B. Seymour and Roger S. Porter, eds. London Elsevier Applied Science, 1993. Source for marketing nylon and 80 percent of silk for hosiery in United States. 

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