Behavior of textiles in solvents and water

Fibers used for manufacturing textiles can be classified into three main groups  

Textiles made from eellulosie fibers and synthetics can be washed without problems. Apparel and higher elass garments are made from wool and silk. Washing very often bears a high risk. So these kinds of textiles are typieally dry cleaned. 

The same absorption of water oeeurs if textiles are immersed in solvent in a dry cleaning machine. If the relative humidity in the air space of die cylinder of a dry cleaning machine is higher, textiles absorb more water. The water content of textiles in solvent is equal to the water content of textiles in the open air if the relative humidity is the same. 

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The phthalocyanines, naphthalocyanines, and certain of their metal derivatives (Figure 6.17) are infrared fluorophores. 61"64 As a class, they are exceptionally stable compounds, with copper (Cu) phthalocyanine (not a fluorophore) remaining intact above 300 °C in air. First used for textile dyeing in the last century and still widely used, there is a rich chemistry of phthalocyanines. Most derivatives can be made by prolonged heating of a phthalimide or phthalic acid derivative with a metal in powder or salt form at elevated temperature. Several derivatives absorb in the near-IR, and either fluoresce or phosphoresce. The electronic transitions of phthalocyanines are complex and have been extensively studied, at least in part because the symmetry of the molecule makes theoretical calculations of its spectroscopic behavior more tractable. Unsubstituted phthalocyanines and naphthalocyanines are, as a class, very insoluble in solvents other than, for instance, nitrobenzene. Sulfonated phthalocyanines are water soluble and exhibit spectra comparable to the parent derivative. Photolumines-cent phthalocyanines (Pcs) include SiPc, ZnPc, and PC itself. These compounds have been little used for practical infrared fluorometry to date however, Diatron Corpora-... 

The main applications of pol3ridnyl alcohol in industry are based on its solubility behavior. For some purposes, its water solubility and the colloidal properties of its solutions are stressed for other uses, the resistance of polyvinyl alcohol to orgamc solvents (and especially oils and grease) is of greatest importance. Water solutions of polyvinyl alcohol act as eifiulsifying vehicles for many hydrophobe liquids and are employed as such in the textile and printing-ink industries. Water-soluble films which can... 

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