Human lymphocyte antigen , HLA

Where X-ray crystallographic data for glycoproteins are available, results show that the N-linked oligosaccharides either can extend away from the protein [as suggested (173), for example, for the single chain at Asn 86 in the human lymphocyte antigen HLA A2], or may interact with the rest of the molecule [as shown (42,174), for example, for the two chains of the CH2... 

The association of immunological disorders to certain human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) alleles emphasizes the role of genetic factors determining susceptibility to environmental factors (Table 8). Rihs et al. (1994) analyzed the association of circulating autoantibodies and HLA alleles in 71 uranium miners and 1 cleaning woman. They could show a positive correlation of anti-Scl-70 to DR3 (1 0300) and DQz (1 0201) as well as of ACA to DRi (1 0101-1 0103), DR8 (1 0801-1 0804), and DQ4 (1 0400). Significant differences between affected and unaffected miners have not been observed. 

Table 8. Association between human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and several subgroups of systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients according to Rihs et al. (1994, 1996), Baur et al. (1996) and Conrad et al. (1997)...

Human Lymphocyte Antigen (HLA) class 1 molecules are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of tissues and have a major role in both immunosurveillance and tumor inununity. Tumor cells decrease the expression of HLA class I molecules (termed downregulation) in order to avoid eradication by the immune system (25). This downregulation of HLA class 1 molecules renders T cell- based immunotherapies ineffective because they rely on HLA class I molecules and as a result, downregulation of HLA class 1 molecules is also found to be associated with poor prognosis (26). Normally HLA class 1... 

Contamination of blood products with lymphocytes can lead to transfusion-induced reactions ranging from a mild fever to severe reactions such as alloimmunization and graft versus host disease (GvHD), in which the transfused lymphocytes (graft) survive the defensive immune reaction of the patient (host) and start a reaction which destroys the cells of the host. The patient also may develop an immune response to the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type of the graft s cells and reject all platelet transfusions that do not match their own HLA system. The HLA system, found on blood platelets and lymphocytes, is more compHcated than, but similar to, the ABO blood group system of red cells. 

Transfusion-induced autoimmune disease has been a significant complication in the treatment of patients who require multiple platelet transfusions. Platelets and lymphocytes carry their own blood group system, ie, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, and it can be difficult to find an HLA matched donor. A mismatched platelet transfusion does not induce immediate adverse reactions, but may cause the patient to become refractory to the HLA type of the transfused platelets. The next time platelets with an HLA type similar to that of the transfused platelets are transfused, they are rejected by the patient and thus have no clinical efficacy. Exposure to platelets originating from different donors is minimized by the use of apheresis platelets. One transfusable dose (unit) of apheresis platelets contains 3-5 x 10 platelets. An equal dose of platelets from whole blood donation requires platelets from six to eight units of whole blood. Furthermore, platelets can be donated every 10 days, versus 10 weeks for whole blood donations. 

Family history of RA. Genetic studies demonstrate a strong correlation between RA and the presence of major histocompatibility complex class II human leukocyte antigens (HLA), specifically HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR4.4,5 HLA is a molecule associated with the presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes. 

Fi02 Fraction of inspired oxygen HLA Human leukocyte antigen human lymphocyte antigen... 

The potential association between the immune system and mood disorders has become a major topic of interest in biological psychiatry in the past decade. In general, three immune measures have been examined, namely white blood cell counts, functional measures of cellular immunity such as natural killer cell activity and immune cell markers as exemplified by human lymphoctye antigen (HLA). The cumulative data from these studies suggests that depressed patients have a decreased number of lymphocytes, reduced mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation and a reduction in the number of natural killer cells. However, this does not apply to all depressed patients. Furthermore, not all aspects of immune function... 

ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme ANA = antinuclear antibody ANCA = antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody BUN = blood urea nitrogen CBC = complete blood count ELISA = enzyme-Mnked immunoassay assay ESR = erythrocyte sedimentation rate FTA-ABS = fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption HLA = human lymphocyte antigen MHA-TP = micro-hemagglutination-7re/ OMew pallidum-, PPD = purified protein derivative RPR = rapid plasma reagin VDRL = venereal disease reference laboratory. 

Polymorphism in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) s ystem also may be an obstacle to producing an effective vaccine. A potential model for this problem is the observation that T cells, including the cytotoxic T lymphocytes, in patients with HLA-B3S do not re.spond to certain. strains of the parasite. It appears that the combination of certain proteins produced by Plasmodium strains with HLA-B3S prevents a normal T-cell re.sponse. In other words, the immune system of these patients will respond to some Plasmodium strains and not others. The implication is that an effective vaccine will have to be very polyvalent. 

B. Other useful laboratory studies include CBC (repeat every 6 hours), electrolytes, glucose, BUN, creatinine, and urinalysis. Immediately draw lymphocytes for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing in case bone marrow transplant is required later. 

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A lymphocyte antigen used in laboratory tests to determine compatibility of donor and recipient tissues for transplants. 

Several risk factors for the development of OB/BOS have been identified, that can be subdivided into immunological and nonimmunological risk factors. Late or recurrent/refractory acute rejection and lymphocytic bronchitis/bronchiolitis were the most convincing (16), which together with repeated Ai acute rejection, noncompliance, human leucocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches at the A locus and total HLA mismatches, constitute the immunological risk factors (17). 

Note HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HLA Human leucocyte antigens CTL CytotoxicT-lymphocytes. 

CD45 RA, naive memory T eells CTL, eytotoxie T lymphocytes HLA, human leukocyte antigen IgA, IgG, IgE, immunoglobulin A, G, E IL, inter-leukin NKC, natural killer cells TNF, tumor-necrosis factor, ZPP, zinc protoporphyrin. 

Nickel-specific human T-lymphocyte clones have been isolated from blood [373] and inflammatory infiltrates after nickel application [379, 381]. 7-15% of the CD4 1 8 T-lymphocyte clones appeared to be specific for nickel in a proliferation assay [379] this proliferation response required the presence of antigen-presenting cells and was restricted by HLA class II molecules. Nickel-specific T cells from each nickel-allergic patient were extremely heterogenous with respect to their genetic restriction [381], Nickel-specific T lymphocytes sometimes show unusual genetic restrictions and might even respond to nickel without the participation of HLA-II molecules. 

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