Human B lymphocytes

Another example of vims clearance is for IgM human antibodies derived from human B lymphocyte cell lines where the steps are precipitation, size exclusion using nucleases, and anion-exchange chromatography (24). A second sequence consists of cation-exchange, hydroxylapatite, and immunoaffinity chromatographies. Each three-step sequence utilizes steps based on different properties. The first sequence employs solubiUty, size, and anion selectivity the second sequence is based on cation selectivity, adsorption, and selective recognition based on an anti-u chain IgG (24). 

Fusion of human lymphocytes with human lymphoblastoid cell lines is a very inefficient process. Fusion of human lymphocytes with murine myeloma cells lead to very unstable hybrids. Upon fusion, preferential loss of human genetic elements is often observed. Unfortunately, particularly common is the loss of chromosomes 2,14 and 22, which encode antibody light and heavy chain loci. The production yields of human monoclonals upon immortalization of the human B-lymphocyte (by whatever means) are also low. 

Matsen, S. and Shiverick, K., The Ah receptor recognizes DNA binding sites for the B cell transcription factor BSAP A possible mechanism for dioxin-mediated alteration of CD 19 gene expression in human B lymphocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 212, 27, 1995. 

Uckun, P.M., Schieven, G.L., Tuel-Ahlgren, L.M., Etihirdik, L, Myers, D.E., Ledhetter, J.A., and Song, C.W., 1993, Tyrosine phosphorylation is a mandatory proximal step in radiation induced activation of the protein kinase C signaling pathway in human B-lymphocyte precursors. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U.S.A. 90 252-256 Vance, D.E., Walkey, C.J., and Cui Z, 1997, Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase from tiver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1318 142-150... 

Geoghegan, W. D., Scillian, J. J., and Ackerman, G. A. (1978) The detection of human B lymphocytes by both light and electron microscopy utilizing colloidal gold labeled anti-immunoglobulin. Immunol. Commun. 7, 1-12. 

Hypotonically spread CE nuclei Detergent-treated nuclei from human B lymphocytes native, dry, or rehydrated samples... 

Neron S, Nadeau PJ, Darveau A et al (2011) Tuning of CD40-CD154 interactions in human B-lymphocyte activation a broad array of in vitro models for a complex in vivo situation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 59 25-40... 

G5. Graves, J. D., Draves, K. E., Craxton, A., Saklatvala, J., Krebs, E. G., and Clark, E. A., Involvement of stress-activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in mIgM-induced apoptosis of human B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 13814— 13818 (1996). 

Abts, H, Emmerich, M Miltenyi, S Radbruch, A, and Tesch, H (1989) CD20 positive human B lymphocytes separated with the magnetic cell sorter (MACS) can be induced to proliferation and antibody secretion in vitro. J Immunol Methods 125, 19-28. 

Sei, Y., Gallagher, K. L., and Basile, A. S. (1999). Skeletal Muscle Type Ryanodine Receptor is Involved in Calcium Signaling in Human B Lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 274(9) 5995-6002. 

Monoclonal antibody An antibody created by fusing a mouse myeloma cell with a human B lymphocyte. These antibodies recognize specific cell-surface antigens on cancer cells or other tissues to target the drug directly to that tissue. 

Inghirami, G., Foitl, D. R., Sabichi, A., Zhu, B. Y., and Knowles, D. M., Autoantibody-associated cross-reactive idiotype-bearing human B lymphocytes Distribution and characterization, including Ig VH gene and CD5 antigen expression. Blood 78,1503-1515 (1991). 

Aagaard-Tillery KM, Jelinek DF Inhibition of human B lymphocyte cell cycle progression and differentiation by rapamycin. Cell Immunol 1994 156(2) 493-507. 

Vater, M., Kniep, B., Gross, H.J., Claus, C., Dippold, W., and Schwartz-Albiez, R., The 9-O-acetylated disialosyl carbohydrate sequence of CDw60 is a marker on activated human B lymphocytes, Immunol. Lett., 59, 151, 1997. 

The potential modulation of immune system responses by GMP is also discussed in the article by Brody (2000). A number of studies have shown that GMP stimulates the proliferation of normal human B-lymphocytes, but not of T-lymphocytes. This would indicate that GMP upregulates the humoral immune system with a subsequent increase in the production of IgA antibodies, in particular. Moreover, GMP appears to specifically affect the production of various cytokines. It is clear that further research is required in this field so as to elucidate the significance of GMP for the immune system. 

Grammer A, Fischer R, Lee O, et al. Flow cytometric assessment of the signaling status of human B lymphocytes from normal and autoimmune individuals. Arthritis Res Ther 2004 6(l) 28-38. 

Antibodies are expressed by hybridoma cells formed by cell fusion of sensitized animal or human B lymphocytes with myeloma cells, or they are generated by EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) transformation of sensitized B lymphocytes. Other heterologous expression systems such as bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and mammalian cells have also been used for expression of antibodies and their fragments. However, because of renaturation problems, glycosylation, and expression levels, mammalian cells are mostly used for the expression of monoclonal antibodies. More recently, technologies have been extensively developed for the expression of antibodies in transgenic animals and transgenic plants. 

Escola, J.M., Kleijmeer, M.J., Stoorvogel, W., Griffith, J.M., Yoshie, 0. and Geuze, H.J. (1998) Selective enrichment of tetraspan proteins on the internal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes and on exosomes secreted by human B-lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 20121-20127. 

The cytokines IL-2, IL-5 and IL-6 enhance IL-4-induced secretion of IgE by human B lymphocytes (Vercelli etal., 1989 Jabuia et al., 1990), and probably act as permissive stimuli through their non-specific activation of B cells, since there is no evidence that they can induce IgE switching. Several cytokines also inhibit IgE synthesis by human B lymphocytes in vitro. Both IFN7 and IFNa specifically inhibit IgE secretion by B lymphocytes cultured with Epstein-Barr virus (Thyphronitis et al., 1989), although neither of these cytokines inhibits IL-4-dependent induction of increased steady-state concentrations of germline e-chain RNA in B lymphocytes (Gauchat etal., 1990). IL-12 has been reported to reduce IgE synthesis by B lymphocytes stimulated with IL-4 and cortisol (Kiniwa etal., 1992). 

Thyphronitis, G., Toskos, G.C., June, C.H., Levine, A D. and Finkelman, F.D. (1989). IgE secretion by Epstein-Barr virus infected purified human B lymphocytes is stimulated by IL-4 and suppressed by IFNy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 5580-5584. 

Rousset, F., Garcia, E. and Banchereau, J. (1991). Cytokine-induced proliferation and immunoglobulin production of human B lymphocytes triggered through their CD40 antigen. J. Exp. Med. 173, 705-710. 

Zhang, K., Mills, F.C. and Saxon, A. (1994b). Switch circles from IL-4-directed epsilon class switching from human B lymphocytes. Evidence for direct, sequential, and multiple step sequential switch from mu to epsilon Ig heavy chain gene. J. Immunol. 152, 3427-3435. 

Mauss S, Koch G, Kreye VA, et al. (1989) Inhibition of the contraction of the isolated longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig ileum by botulinum C2 toxin evidence for a role of G/F-actin transition in smooth muscle contraction. In Noun-Schmiedebergs Archiv Pharmacol. 340 345-51 Melamed I, Downey GP, Aktories K, et al. (1991) Microfilament assembly is required for antigen-receptor-mediated activation of human B lymphocytes. In J Immunol. 147 1139-46... 

Melamed I, Franklin RA, Gelfand EW (1995a) Microfilament assembly is required for anti-IgM dependent MAPK and p90rsk activation in human B lymphocytes. In Biochem and Biophys Res Comm. 209 1102-10 Melamed I, Stein L, Roifman CM (1994) Epstein-Barr virus induces actin polymerization in human B cells. In J Immunol. 153 1998-2003 Melamed I, Turner CE, Aktories K, et al. (1995b) Nerve growth factor triggers microfilament assembly and paxillin phosphorylation in human B lymphocytes. In J Exp Med. 181 1071-9... 

---