Abbreviations, general

Abbreviations, generally initials in capital letters, are also employed to describe polymers. Table 3 contains a listing of some of the more widely used abbreviations and the polymer associated with the abbreviation. 

Abbreviations generally follow the lUPAC-IUB Commission recommendations. Abu, a-amlno butyric acid LHRH, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone Fmoo, 9-fluorenylmethyloxyoarbonyl DMF, dlmethylformamlde. Numbering of amino acids In cyclic hexapep-tldes follows somatostatin numbering. 

Abbreviations General purpose polystyrene, (GPPS) LDPE, HDPE, low- and high-density poly ethylene PP, polypropylene. 

Journal abbreviations generally follow the practice of the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI), except for a short list of very well known journals where the Dictionary gives shorter abbreviations to save space (e.g. J.A.C.S. instead of J. Am. Chem. Soc.)... 

The abbreviated, generalized proton tautomerism processes connecting the keto-and enol forms is shown in Figure 5.46. 

Journal abbreviations generally follow the practice of Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI). In patent references, no distinction is made between patent applications and granted patents. 

This analysis, abbreviated as FIA for Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption, is standardized as ASTM D 1319 and AFNOR M 07-024. It is limited to fractions whose final boiling points are lower than 315°C, i.e., applicable to gasolines and kerosenes. We mention it here because it is still the generally accepted method for the determination of olefins. 

The Wood notation ean be generalized somewhat fiirther, by adding either the prefix e for eentred, or the prefix p for primitive. For instanee, one may have a e (2 x 2) unit eell or a p(2 x 2) unit eell, the latter often abbreviated to (2 x 2) beeause it is identieal to it. In a eentred unit eell, the eentre of the eell is an exaet eopy of the eomers of the eell this makes the eell non-primitive, i.e. it is no longer the smallest eell that, when repeated periodieally aeross the surfaee, generates the entire surfaee stnieture. Nonetheless, the eentred notation is often used beeause it ean be quite eonvenient, as the next example will illustrate. 

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involving General Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values recommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive revision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in 1988 by the lUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, an alphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in view of recent data and inclusion of SI units cross-entries for archaic or unusual entries have been curtailed. 

Since adipic acid has been produced in commercial quantities for almost 50 years, it is not surprising that many variations and improvements have been made to the basic cyclohexane process. In general, however, the commercially important processes stiU employ two major reaction stages. The first reaction stage is the production of the intermediates cyclohexanone [108-94-1] and cyclohexanol [108-93-0], usuaHy abbreviated as KA, KA oil, ol-one, or anone-anol. The KA (ketone, alcohol), after separation from unreacted cyclohexane (which is recycled) and reaction by-products, is then converted to adipic acid by oxidation with nitric acid. An important alternative to this use of KA is its use as an intermediate in the manufacture of caprolactam, the monomer for production of nylon-6 [25038-54-4]. The latter use of KA predominates by a substantial margin on a worldwide basis, but not in the United States. 

Air Permeability. Air permeabiUty is an important parameter for certain fabric end uses, eg, parachute fabrics, boat sails, warm clothing, rainwear, and industrial air filters. Air permeabiUty of a fabric is related to its cover, or opacity. Both of these properties are related to the amount of space between yams (or fibers in the case of nonwovens). The most common method for specifying air permeabiUty of a fabric involves measuring the air flow per unit area at a constant pressure differential between the two surfaces of the fabric. This method, suitable for measuring permeabiUty of woven, knitted, and nonwoven fabrics, is described in ASTM D737. Units for air permeabiUty measured by this method are generally abbreviated as CFM, or cubic feet per square foot per minute. 

Some simple zirconium organometaUic compounds, such as tetramethylzirconium [6727-89-5] are known. In general, these compounds are very unstable. It appears that zirconium must be TT-bonded to at least one moderately large ligand, such as a cyclopentadienyl group, for the compound to be stable. The abbreviation Cp is used here for the cyclopentadienyl group and Cp for [0 (0112)5]. 

Since the t distribution relies on the sample standard deviation. s, the resultant distribution will differ according to the sample size n. To designate this difference, the respec tive distributions are classified according to what are called the degrees of freedom and abbreviated as df. In simple problems, the df are just the sample size minus I. In more complicated applications the df can be different. In general, degrees of freedom are the number of quantities minus the number of constraints. For example, four numbers in a square which must have row and column sums equal to zero have only one df, i.e., four numbers minus three constraints (the fourth constraint is redundant). 

The general practice to express an overvoltage is in p.u. This abbreviation will be used frequently in our discussions. One p.u. is the maximum voltage between the phase and the neutral, i.e. 

Several of these IFNs of mouse and human lymphocytes and fibroblasts are available commercially and have been best prepared in quantity by recombinant DNA procedures because they are produced in very small amounts by the cells. The commercial materials do not generally require further purification for their intended purposes. [Pestkas, Interferons and Interferon standards and general abbreviations. Methods Enzymol, Wiley Sons, 119 1986, ISBN 012182019X Lengyel, Biochemistry of interferons and their actions, Ann Bev Biochem 51 251-282 7982 De Maeyer and De Maeyer-Guignard, Interferons in The Cytokine Handbook, 3rd Edn, Thomson et al. Eds, pp. 491-516 7998 Academic Press, San Diego, ISBN 0126896623.]... 

Considerable alterations have been made in the chapters concerned with technical applications which are the result of advances in electrochemical corrosion protection in general practice. Here also, abbreviation and omission of less relevant parts of the older editions have had to be made to create space for more recent information. Recent applications in the chemical industry have necessitated a complete rewriting of the industrial chapter. A new chapter is included on the cathodic protection of steel reinforcement in concrete. 

It is generally claimed that metallocene polyethylenes (often abbreviated to m-PE) exhibit superior mechanical and optical properties as well as better organoleptic properties (resulting from the lower residue levels). As an example m-LLDPE is particularly favoured as a stretch film for wrapping because of the good prestretchability, high puncture resistance and tear strength, all of which are claimed to be better than with conventional LLDPE. 

The individual ab initio calculations are further identified by abbreviations for the basis set orbitals that are used. These abbreviations include, for example, STO-3G, 4-31G," and 6-31G. In general, the ab initio calculations make fewer assumptions than semiempirical methods, and therefore the computations are more demanding. 

Now, we would like to comment on some general features of the solutions of integral equations for the local density. We use superscripts H and P to abbreviate the solutions of the HNCl and PYl equations (6) and (7), respectively. By considering the limiting behavior of the cavity functions inside the solid one obtains... 

---