Hazardous waste types

Hazardous waste types, which are especially suitable for the pyrolytic treatment, include containerized waste (i.e., barrels) and sludges and liquids that have high ash content, volatile inorganic compounds (NaCl, FeCl2, Zn, and Pb), or high concentrations of chlorine, sulfur, and/or nitrogen. 

The surviving U.S. plants have embraced all types of waste treatment processes (see Wastes treatment, hazardous waste Wastes, industrial). The most desired poUution prevention processes are those which reduce the total amount of waste discharged. Treatment and disposal are less strongly emphasized options. Zero wastewater discharge faciHties and water recycling processes are becoming more common (55,56). 

Liquid Injection. Liquid injection units are the most common type of incinerator today for the destmction of Hquid hazardous wastes such as solvents. Atomizers break the Hquid into fine droplets (100—150 microns) which allows the residence time to be extremely short (0.5—2.5 s). The viscosity of the waste is very important the waste must be both pumpable and capable of being atomized into fine droplets. Both gases and Hquids can be incinerated in Hquid injection units. Gases include organic streams from process vents and those from other thermal processes in the latter case, the Hquid injection incinerator operates as an afterburner. Aqueous wastes containing less than 75% water can be incinerated in Hquid injection units. 

Whatever hazardous materials are involved, whether they be new produces, an existing product in a new package type, hazardous waste, or any other hazard category, the proposed packaging and all conditions which are expected to be incident to its use should be reviewed... 

Standards For the management of specific hazardous wastes and specific types of hazardous waste management facihties (Part 266)... 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous wastes are generated in hmited amounts throughout most industrial activities. In terms of generation, concern is with the identification of amounts and types ofhazardous wastes developed at each source, with emphasis on those sources where significant waste quantities are generated. 

Document all types, quantities, and sources of wastes (both nonbazardoiis and hazardous wastes). 

Assign responsibilities and authority at plant and headquarters for tbe storage, coUection, treatment, and disposal of all types of hazardous wastes. 

Table 28-1 indicates the four main types of hazardous material, with examples of substances of each type. Not presented in Table 28-1 are radioactive materials, which are considered as a separate type of hazardous waste (5). 

Enter one of the following codes to identify the type of treatment or disposal method used by the off-site location for the chemical being reported. You should use more than one line for a single location when the toxic chemical is subject to different disposal methods the same location code may be used more than once. You may have this information in your copy of EPA Form SO, Item S of the Annual/Biennial Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Report (RCRA). Applicable codes for Part III, Section 6(c) are as follows ... 

The technical differences between site problems at RCRA facilities and CERCLA sites sometimes may be difficult to distinguish, owing to similarities in present or past uses of the site, in hydrogeologic setting, and/or in the types of substances disposed, spilled, or otherwise managed at the site. Consequently, many technical aspects of the study and remediation of releases of hazardous wastes and constituents from RCRA facilities often will closely parallel those at Superfund sites, and cleanups under both statutes must achieve similar goals for protection of public health and the environment. Additionally, activities which would be termed removal actions or expedited response actions under CERCLA may be undertaken by owners and operators under RCRA. In the RCRA context, such actions are termed interim measures, as will be discussed in subsequent chapters. 

These types of sites have been the subject of debate concerning applicability of traditional hazardous waste approaches. 

Hazardous waste operations often include tasks and activities that are conducted on a periodic basis, are of very short duration, are transient in nature, or otherwise pose little hazard. Developing a brief HASP template (e.g., fill in the blank ), a permit, or a checklist system that includes essential HAZWOPER-type information may suffice for these types of operations. 

There are three main types of work zones at a hazardous waste site the exelusion (or hot) zone, the eontamination reduetion (or deeontam-ination) zone, and the support (or eold) zone. The following provides a diseussion of eaeh type of zone. 

Under the hazardous waste standard, on-site emergeney responders, on-site eollateral-duty emergeney responders, and off-site emergeney responders are trained to one or more of five levels of eompeteney, depending on the type of response they perform as speeified in 29 CFR 1910.120 (q). 

The use of proper PPE is an integral part of many jobs when dealing with hazardous waste. OSHA standard 1910.132 of 1998 requires an assessment be eondueted to determine the appropriate PPE for eyes, faee, head, and extremities whenever hazards eneountered are eapable of eausing injury or impairment in the funetion of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation, or physieal eontaet. Aeeording to the PPE standard, it is the employer s responsibility to determine if hazards are present (or likely to be present). If the employer determines that hazards are present, the employer should ehoose the types of PPE that will proteet affeeted employees from the hazards identified in the hazard assessment [1]. 

Eor hazardous waste aetivities, the levels of proteetion ean be elassified as four groups Levels A, B, C, and D. Level A is the most proteetive and level D the least proteetive. The following examples outline the typieal types of proteetion. 

Liquid injection incinerators are currently the most commonly used type of incinerator for hazardous waste disposal. A wide variety of units are marketed today, mainly horizontally and vertically fired types a less common unit is the tangentially fired vortex combustor. 

EPA. 1993a. Standards for the management of hazardous waste and specific types of hazardous waste facilities. Health-based limits for exclusion of waste-derived residues. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Eederal Regulations. 40 CER 266, Subpart H. Appendix VII. 

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

Exposures of Children. Children will be exposed to americium in the same manner as adults in the general population (i. e., ingestion of food and water and inhalation of air). Americium is potentially found at hazardous waste sites at elevated levels. Since children may have oral exposure to soil through hand-to-mouth activity, bioavailability studies of americium in soil via the oral route may be useful to assess the risk of this type of exposure. 

The exact composition and proportion of these additives in a certain type of fluid depends on the intended use. Hydraulic fluids are compounded to conform to performance-based standards such as Military or ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specifications. Some examples of Military specifications are shown in Table 3-2. Many different formulations can be compounded to conform to one performance standard. It should be noted that the variability among these products or even within products with the same trade names may confuse efforts to determine environmental and health effects of hydraulic fluids at hazardous waste landfills since hydraulic fluids that are currently used may or may not contain the same components present in old products of the same name. 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. Reliable monitoring data for the levels of all types of hydraulic fluids in contaminated media at hazardous waste sites are needed so that the information obtained on levels of these hydraulic fluids in the environment can be used in combination with the known body burden of these hydraulic fluids to assess the potential risk of adverse health effects in populations living in the vicinity of hazardous waste sites. 

Waste assessments are used to list the sources, types, and amounts of hazardous waste generated to make it easier to pinpoint where wastes can be reduced. 

The hazardous waste identification process (as discussed in Chapter 1) describes how to determine whether a material is a solid and hazardous waste. How a material is regulated under RCRA (i.e., whether or not it is a solid and potentially a hazardous waste) when it is recycled depends on what type of material it is and what type of recycling is occurring. If the recycled material is not a solid waste, then it is not a hazardous waste and is not subject to RCRA Subtitle C requirements. However, if the material qualifies as a solid and hazardous waste, it is subject to RCRA Subtitle C jurisdiction. 

The universal waste program promotes the collection and recycling of certain widely generated hazardous wastes, known as universal wastes. Three types of waste were originally covered under the universal waste regulations and a fourth was added in July 1999 ... 

In establishing treatment standards, U.S. EPA applied the BDAT methodology to the typical forms of waste generated by industry. Some forms of hazardous waste are unique and were not taken into account by the BDAT process when treatment standards were established. As a result, U.S. EPA created a number of broad ATSs for special types of waste.2... 

Hazardous wastes are combusted for various purposes. The purpose of combustion is directly related to the type of unit used. There are two classes of combustion units, those that burn waste for energy recovery and those that burn waste for destruction. 

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