Other Types of Hazardous Waste

Under the hazardous waste listings, wastes may be listed for various reasons. For example, they may be listed because they are toxic or acutely toxic. RCRA requirements for management of acutely toxic wastes are more restrictive than its requirements associated with other types of hazardous waste. For example, RCRA places more stringent restrictions on the amonnt of acntely toxic waste (as compared with other types of hazardons waste) that may be stored at any one time. 

These principles currently provide a rigorous geochemical framework within which to design experiments and interpret field observations on the redox-related performance of a deep geological repository for spent nuclear fuel. They can be extended to consider other types of hazardous waste and containment barriers in the geosphere. Of particular interest may be active containment barriers where redox-transformations of mobile contaminants are desirable. 

Listed" waste is any waste that contains a substance that is "listed" by the USEPA as hazardous. This type of waste has been listed based on the waste s "toxicity, persistence, and degradability in nature, potential for accumulation in tissue, and other related factors such as flammability, corrosiveness, and other hazard characteristic." Rules have been developed by the USEPA to ensure proper disposal of these types of hazardous waste. The mixture rule states that any substance mixed with a "listed" hazardous waste becomes a hazardous waste. If it is not a "listed" waste, but instead a characteristic waste, and the mixture does not exhibit any of the characteristics, the mixture is not considered hazardous. The "derived from" rule states that any waste derived from the treatment of a "listed" hazardous waste remains a hazardous waste. Similar to the mixture rule, if the by-product of a characteristic waste does not exhibit any of the hazardous characteristics, it is not considered hazardous. 

Two types of hazardous wastes typically have been introduced into opportunity fuel commerce spent solvents and other relatively light organic fluids, and waste oils from automotive and manufacturing sources. Both are widely used in boilers and kilns— particularly cement kilns—throughout the USA and the world. 

Think how many carcinogens are household names asbestos, cigarette smoke (a mixture of several thousand chemical compounds), DES, dioxin, saccharin, arsenic, PCBs, radon, EDB, Alar. Hundreds more of these substances, some very obscure, are known to the scientific and medical community, and many of these are scattered throughout the land at thousands of hazardous waste sites similar to Love Canal. People are exposed to these dreadful substances through the air they breathe, the water they drink and bathe in, and the foods they eat. Chemicals can also produce many other types of health damage, some very serious, such as birth defects and damage to our nervous and immune systems. 

To identify other hazardous wastes in shop, the three types of the material safety data sheet (MSDS) provided by the supplier of the product should be reviewed. A plant manager can also find out the hazardous ingredients in the processing chemical and refer to the State Hazardous Waste Regulations or call the State Division of Hazardous Waste. 

Because cement kilns are so good at destroying organic chemical wastes, emissions of dioxins - or any other type of products of incomplete combustion (PIC) - are so low they pose no danger to the environment. In the case where some of the hazardous waste fuels used contain toxic dioxin, the cement kiln temperatures of 1650°F will destroy dioxins in less than one second. Because cement kilns operate at much higher temperatures (at least 2450°F), and because the burning wastes have an average residence time in the kiln of at least two seconds, any dioxins are destroyed. However, dioxin waste is never accepted by Southdown for use in its cement kilns. 

If the risk index for all substances that cause deterministic responses in the waste (RId) in Equation 6.5 is zero (i.e., the doses of all substances that cause deterministic responses are less than the allowable values), classification is determined solely by the risk index for all substances that cause stochastic responses (RP) in Equation 6.4 the latter must be nonzero based on the assumption of a linear, nonthreshold dose-response relationship. On the other hand, if the risk index for all substances that cause deterministic responses is unity or greater, the calculated risk exceeds the allowable risk for the waste class of concern without the need to consider the risk posed by substances that cause stochastic effects. The only advantage of the form of the composite risk index in Equation 6.6 is that it indicates more explicitly that the total risk posed by a given waste is the sum of the risks posed by the two types of hazardous constituents, however approximate that representation may be. 

In undertaking our search of the literature linked to bioanalytical assessment of solid waste leachates (Tab. 2), we circumscribed it to small-scale toxicity testing performed on leachates. Furthermore, we did not exclude marine bioassays, but we exclusively selected literature references involving test battery approaches (TBAs) on solid wastes (or their elutriates). As defined previously in the first chapter of this book, a TBA represents a study conducted with two or more tests representing at least two biotic levels. As also pointed out in Section 2 of this chapter, TBAs are suitable to assess hazard at different levels so as not to underestimate ecotoxicity. Nevertheless, we have not excluded from this review publications describing other types of bioassays (e.g., terrestrial bioassays, sub-cellular bioassays or those carried out with recombinant DNA (micro)organisms and biosensors), when those were part of the TBA. 

Inhalation exposure to high concentrations of benzene in the occupational setting may lead to death from pancytopenia and leukemia. However, environmental exposure to benzene in the air, drinking water, soil, or food is unlikely to be fatal. People living near hazardous waste sites who are chronically exposed to contaminated air, water, or soil may be at a higher risk of death due to adverse health conditions, including leukemia and other types of cancer. 

Errors in chemical analyses are seldom this dramatic, but they may have equally serious effects, as described in this chapter. Among other applications, analytical results are often used in the diagnosis of disease, in the assessment of hazardous wastes and pollution, in the solving of major crimes, and in the quality control of itiSustrial products. Errors in these results can have serious personal and societal effects. This chapter considers the various types of errors encountered in chemical analyses and the methods we can use to detect them. 

What is the disposition of final treatment residuals Recycle Hazardous waste landfill Nonhazardous waste landfill Other Some secondary wastes, even after treatment, may be considered hazardous and may need to be disposed of accordingly. Some types of secondary wastes may be released as is for reuse or recycling. 

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