Waste type

For metal compound categories (e.g.,chromiumcompounds), report releases of only the parent metal. Forexample, a user of various inorganic chromium salts would report the total chromium released in each waste type regardless of the chemical form (e.g., as the original salts, chromium ion, oxide) and exclude any contribution to mass made by other species in the molecule. 

Waste Type Form Technology Options Preliminary Technology Data Needs... 

The United States has the most radioactive nuclear waste and the most complicated array of waste types. Reprocessing of SNF is also practiced in some countries. Although costly, this practice... 

All the countries that produce nuclear waste have chosen the same alternative for the ultimate disposition of HLW, deep geological isolation, and they did so indepeiideiitly of one another. The United States has the most radioactive nuclear waste and the most complicated array of waste types of any nuclear country. Only in the United States can one find the same economy of scale for waste handling. Thus, it leads the world in most activities aimed at safe isolation. Ill France, Japan, and Great Britain, however, reprocessing is routinely practiced. Those countries reprocess HLW for many other countries. As mentioned above, reprocessing is not currently allowed in the United States. 

From the description above it already can be deduced that this plant can deal with a lot of waste types and hence is rather robust in terms of acceptance criteria. S VZ has experience with treating mixed plastics waste, waste derived fuel (a mixture of plastics, wood and paper), the shredder light fraction of car wrecks, and the plastic fraction from shredded white goods and electronics. SVZ can handle on average 2% chlorine in MPW, with short-term excursions to 6%. The overall chlorine content has to be controlled by a right blend with other waste types. SVZ does not favour a high... 

The plant capacity for all waste types together will be around 45,000 tpa. It will have a heat production capacity of 25 MW at 7,500 productive hours a year. The plant can also accept PVC. Eor such solid chlorinated waste at most 15,000 tpa/yr capacity is available. This has been based on a test with a DOW kiln in Stade, Germany. The BSL plant has been operational since mid 1999. 

For waste types (1), (3) and (4) the use in cement kilns can be regarded as a recovery operation. For waste type (2), however, there is no real benefit of using the material in the cement making process. The kiln is merely being employed as a means for a (thermic) waste disposal operation. 

Municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) are a robust treatment method for very different mixed waste types of different origin. The typical MSWI handles waste of a calorific value between 9 and 13 MJ/kg. They are the key technology for the treatment of integral household waste in countries such as Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany. Some 7% of this integral household waste consists of plastics. Treatment of... 

Initial field investigations of old, heterogeneous disposal sites where waste types are insufficiently documented, thus deferring expensive priority pollutant analysis until the fact and location of ground water contamination is established ... 

The site-specific requirements for landfill remediation should be developed before beginning design or selection of cover type. Site-specific requirements depend on numerous site-specific factors, including landfill history waste type, quantity, and age climate geologic setting local surface water and groundwater use and regulatory requirements. 

The low temperature/low pressure operating process developed by AEA (Dounray, Scotland), known as Silver bullet , which allows one to process a wide range of waste types and compositions, cf. Table 24, makes it an attractive alternative to incineration for the more toxic and troublesome types of industrial organic wastes. 

Because of the complex composition of most groundwaters, no one unit operation is capable of removing all of the contaminants present. It may be necessary to combine several unit operations into one treatment process to remove effectively the contaminants required. To simplify and make visible the selection of the applicable treatment trains, a number of unit operations and the waste types for which they are effective are presented in Table 8.1. 

Waste type Solid phase type Model isotherm Y axis Intercept Slope X axis R2... 

All hazardous waste must be transported in containers [24,54] that are labeled with the words HAZARDOUS WASTE, the name of the waste, type of hazard (e.g., toxic, flammable), and generator s name, address, and USEPA-ID number. 

Mosaddeghi, M. R., Mahboubi, A. A., Zandsalimi, S., and Unc, A. (2009). Influence of organic waste type and soil structure on the bacterial filtration rates in unsaturated intact soil column. /. Environ. Manage. 90, 730-739. 

Fluidized-bed combustion systems use a heated bed of sandlike material suspended (fluidized) within a rising column of turbulent air to burn many types and classes of waste fuels. The vendor claims that this technique results in improved combustion efficiency of high moisture content fuels and is adaptable to a variety of waste -type fuels. The scrubbing action of the bed material on the fuel particle is said to enhance the combustion process by stripping away the carbon dioxide and char layers that normally form around the fuel particle. This allows oxygen to reach the combustible material much more readily and increases the rate and efficiency of the combustion process. 

The operating cost (electricity, aluminum pellets, operation and maintenance) for the treatment of several waste types tested at the bench- and pilot-scale levels were developed using the cost for alum treatment ( 0.79 per 1000 liters) as the basis. Table 1 presents the results of these comparisons, as well as information provided by the vendor on a wide range of contaminant waste streams (D121573, p. 788). 

According to the vendor, the cost of Sit-Melter systems are site-specific, depending on site requirements, desired treatment rates, and waste type. Treatability studies are used to determine system requirements (personal communication Ken Kormanyos, Stir-Melter Project Manager, 1997). 

Treatment price is within the range of 150 to 250 per ton of feed based on a 1990 estimate. This cost is dependent on waste type, specific contaminants, and other project-specific variables including disposal requirements and restrictions and the amount of waste processed. This estimate is based on a lower treatment limit of approximately 5000 yd of waste material. This limit was chosen to keep the mobilization charges to bring equipment on-site within reason (D12698R, p. 203). 

Treatment costs are estimated at 250 per ton of waste material (D16557V), though the vendor states that the price may vary depending on the waste type (personal communication R. Tanenbaum, Xetex Corp., 9/97). 

Wastes produced at a particular facility will be similar to those listed, but their precise composition will depend on the specific process. Some or all of the waste types listed may be combined into a single stream before treatment and disposal. It is common to combine concentrated cyanide wastes from plating and cleaning solutions, for instance, with filter sludges. These are frequently kept separate, however, from acidic wastes and from dilute cyanide solutions. 

The accelerated carbonation reactions have also been shown to improve the immobilization properties of Portland cements used as radioactive was-teforms. The formation of carbonates eliminates the potential problem of radiolysis while at the same time improving the leaching resistance. The resulting carbonate matrix, which is more thermodynamically stable relative to the untreated cement, would also be preferred for the underground disposal of the wasteforms. Incorportion of fly ash into the cement-type wasteform further enhances the favorable properties of this waste type. 

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