HAZARD-BASED

Wlien it is determined that a speeifie operation falls under the seope of HAZWOPER, a hazard-based approaeh to the implementation of the various elements of the standard should be developed. Wlien HAZWOPER is implemented, OSHA stipulates, If there is overlap or eonfliet with any other standard, the provision more proteetive of worker health and safety should apply. ... 

The hazard-based approach allows key operational hazardous waste activities to proceed in a safe and cost-effective manner. These activities may include ... 

The following are important aspects of a hazard-based health and safety planning process ... 

The amount and type of hazards will determine the performance standard specified in site-specific control plans. This includes the content, detail, and formality of review. The approval of the plans is based on risk and hazard potential. Using the hazard-based approach, levels of risk or methods to rank risk (degree) are standardized. 

Training for other activities such as deactivation and D D may not fall under the hazardous waste definition. As previously mentioned, the authors believe that, in many cases, applying hazardous waste principles based on a hazard-based approach will help to provide a safe worksite and add value to these activities. These activities may involve hazard abatement processes, such as chemical lab packing, asbestos, lead, mercury, or... 

This level includes hazard-based skin and eye protection but less respiratory protection than Level B. This level may consist of the following equipment ... 

Stock, M., and W. Geiger. 1984. Assessment of vapor cloud explosion hazards based on recent research results. 9th Int. Symp. on the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases in the Chemical Industry, Luzern, Switzerland. 

Saraf, S.R., Rogers, W.J., Mannan, M.S. (2003) Prediction ofReactive Hazards Based on Molecular Structure. Journal of Hazardous Material, A98, 15-29. 

Consumer Safety Regulations are based on test procedures which are scientifically unsound and that they contradict the essentials of composites testing and hazard based fire tests, large scale hazard based tests involving the newer types of combustion modified PU foams with suitable fabrics have shown... 

Acceptable" combustion modified PU foams have been validated in full scale hazard based fire tests. 

The general process hazard factor (Ft) and special process hazard factor (F2) are multiplied together to produce a unit hazard factor (F3). The Dow F EI is computed by multiplying the unit hazard factor by the MF. Table 10-2 provides the degree of hazard based on the index value. 

There has been a gradual move in environmental policy and regulation from hazard-based to risk-based approaches. This is partly due to the recognition that for many environmental issues a level of zero risk is unobtainable or simply not necessary for human and environmental protection and that a certain level of risk in a given scenario is deemed acceptable after considering the benefits. 

The approach should be risk-based, not hazard-based... 

Corporate guidelines require that individuals develop an understanding of reactive hazards based on data collection, hazard evaluation, training, etc. 

The company maintains a list of chemicals that are considered to be highly hazardous based on such characteristics as flash point (less than 100°F), self reactivity, water reactivity, boiling point, and toxicity. 

In many cases, hazard based substitution eliminates the need for notoriously difficult exposure assessment. Persistence and bioaccumulation potential are surrogate measures of both hazard and exposure that can be applied quickly to all chemicals In order to identify those of greatest concern. 

Chemical analyses which determine the types of substances present, are incorporated to provide information for predicting control approaches, atmospheric dispersion/-transformation, and potential toxicity of the stream. Finally, because prediction of hazard based on physical and chemical analyses alone is subject to many uncertainties, biological assay techniques are incorporated as a measure of the potential toxicity. The basic Level 1 analytical procedures are given in Table II. 

When a full SIDS Dossier on a chemical is available, an initial assessment of the information is undertaken and conclusions are drawn on the potential hazard(s) posed by the chemical and recommendations are made on the need for further work. The conclusions present a summary of the hazards of the chemical, written with sufficient detail and clarity as to be informative and to assist countries with classihcation work and other hazard-based national decision making and exposure information to put the hazard information into context (e.g., on use in the Sponsor country). The recommendation, based on these conclusions, can be either that the chemical is currently of low priority for further work or that it is a candidate for further work to clarify its potential risk (e.g., that further information is required to clarify concerns identified in the SIDS process, and that post-SIDS testing is recommended). 

An example of another approach is DEREK, a pnblicly available expert system designed to assist chemists and toxicologists in predicting toxicological hazards based on analysis of chemical strnctnre (see table 9.1). DEREK differs from other compnter methods for toxicity prediction in that it makes qnalitative rather than qnantitative predictions and does not rely on algebraic or statistical relationships. 

Fire hazard is viewed from the standpoint of safety, to which in the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSH) is often used as the basis for classification of flammables versus a combustible material. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Transportation also has very specific definitions regarding classification of fire hazards based on safe transport of materials. For initial discussions we will adhere to the OSHA definitions, and later refer to distinctions in U.S. federal definitions which are legal standards. 

Hazardous Materials and Wastes CCR Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 30, Section 66680 Lists specific elements Materials compounds, and generic materials that are potentially wastes when they are no longer useful. For example, "solvents" are listed as potentially hazardous based on the ignitability criterion. 

In addition to chemical waste that may be classified as hazardous based on one or more of the characteristics described above, a chemical waste may be classified as hazardous if it is specifically listed (EPA, 1980b). Chemical wastes are listed based on their source or the presence of specific hazardous substances. Listed hazardous wastes include wastes from nonspecific sources (the so-called F list), wastes from specific sources ( K list), acutely toxic hazardous waste from any source ( P list), and toxic (other than acute) waste from any source ( U list). 

Given the assumed types of disposal systems (near-surface facilities or geologic repositories), waste would be classified as exempt, low-hazard, or high-hazard based on the magnitude of its risk index,... 

Use of the risk index in classifying waste is illustrated in Figure 6.2. Classification of waste essentially is a two-step process. The first step involves a determination of whether a waste can be classified as exempt, based on an assumed negligible risk and an exposure scenario for inadvertent intruders appropriate to disposal of waste in a municipal/industrial landfill for nonhazardous waste. If the waste is not exempt, the second step involves a determination of whether a waste can be classified as low-hazard, based on an assumed acceptable (barely tolerable) risk and an exposure scenario for inadvertent intruders appropriate to disposal in a dedicated nearsurface facility for hazardous wastes. 

Combines separate hazard-based LOE to provide a risk-based WOE determination. 

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