Potential waste

There is an important feedback factor which cannot be properly evaluated at this time. It concerns future municipal investment in a specific waste control system. This could result in legislation controlling the input of important potential waste materials to the municipality. For example large capital investment in a heat/energy recovery system based on incineration might induce legislative restrictions on low calorific materials like metals and glass. 

The pharmaceutical industry produces between 25 and 100 kg or more of waste for every kilogram of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufactured.1 According to a leading practitioner of the industry, the potential waste coproduced with APIs is in the range of 500 million to 2 billion kg per year. Even at a nominal disposal cost of 1 per kg, the potential savings just in waste avoidance is significant faced to the pharmaceutical industry annual sales (almost 500 billion in 2003). 2... 

The hydrogen manufacture process is relatively clean. In the steam reforming subprocess a potential waste source is the desulfurization unit, which is required for feedstock that has not already been desulfurized. This waste stream contains oil, sulfur compounds, and phenol. In the partial oxidation subprocess, free carbon is removed by a water wash. Carbon dioxide is discharged to the atmosphere at several points in the subprocess. 

Recycle by use, reuse, or reclamation those potential waste materials that cannot be eliminated or minimized... 

Another subject of scientific debate is still the bioavailability and toxicity of bound residues (2). Data on this particular topic are sparse but tend to suggest the absence of hazardous effects of bound residues rather than the contrary. Answers that remain to be provided on this subject concern the relevance of these toxicological effects and, if the effects are viable, the best and most reliable method by which they can be measured and evaluated for a specific compound. As long as these questions are not answered satisfactorily, any attempt to address them can only be considered as a shot in the dark and a potential waste of finance and time. The industry is prepared to perform any additional safety evaluation as long as the answers are reasonable and can result in a greater guarantee of protection for the consumer. 

For purposes of the WIPP program, it is desirable to quantify the leach rat-e of radioisotopes from potential waste forms to allow realistic source terms to be used in... 

Hazardous Materials and Wastes CCR Title 22, Division 4, Chapter 30, Section 66680 Lists specific elements Materials compounds, and generic materials that are potentially wastes when they are no longer useful. For example, "solvents" are listed as potentially hazardous based on the ignitability criterion. 

Arsenic Removal Process Form of Arseni c Host Effectively Treated Possible Appli cabi1i ty to Hewlett Packard Potential Waste Reduction Efficiency for Hewlett Packard Operational Characteri sti cs for Hewlett Packard Potential Health and Safety Concerns Potential Costs for HP Relative to Other Listed Procedures Overal1 Potential Effectiveness in Reducing Hazardous Waste... 

Townsend, T Dubey, B. and Solo-Gabriele, H. (2004) Assessing potential waste disposal impact from preservative treated wood products, in Environmental Impacts of Preservative-Treated Wood, Conference, February 8-11, Orlando, Florida, FIorida Center for Environmental Solutions, Gainesville, FL, pp. 169-88. 

The downside to the direct application of hydroprocesses to the heavy feedstocks is always hydrogen cost and catalyst life (also a cost). There is the potentially wasteful use of hydrogen with hydrogen sinks within the feedstock whereupon hydrogen is used but with little, if any, effect on the product character. 

Groundwater leaching of radionuclides from waste forms is the first step in radionuclide transport from a disposal site. The release rate of radionuclides from the waste form is dependent on the waste form s leaching behavior. The sixth section describes the factors that affect the leaching behavior of several potential waste forms and radionuclides. 

The best place to start waste minimization efforts for a drilling operation is in the planning stages. The drilling plan should be evaluated for potential waste... 

Inorganic phosphate ligands are important with respect to the behavior of actinides in the environment and as potential waste forms. There have been a number of experimental studies to determine the equilibrium constants in the actinide-phosphoric acid system, but they have been complicated by the formation of relatively insoluble solid phases and the formation of ternary actinide complexes in solution. 

In order to reduce waste production, the potential waste production in an industry should be properly assessed. This step should start with the procurement of the raw materials, taking into consideration their type and nature, their conversion processing into products, their packing process, and their recycling and reuse, if possible. 

Bacteria, as well as fungi, can only transport simple monomers and some dimers across their cell walls and as such must excrete a suite of extracellular enzymes to break down large and complex organic molecules (discussed in detail in Section 8.07.5). The production of extracellular enzymes by an individual microbe can be seen as a metabolically costly and potentially wasteful process. However, many bacteria have developed mechanisms for intercellular communication that allow homogenous populations to coordinate... 

The designation of some materials as potential wastes would be continuously examined, and the WCI must be capable of application to re-designated materials. 

Measures such as these, which give manufacturers direct fiscal responsibility for managing the waste generated by their products, may well create an added incentive for removing hazardous and persistent substances from the products in question, as well as encourage ingenious reuse strategies that can turn potential wastes into raw materials for future products. Ericsson Electronics, for example, has already communicated to vendors the names of chemicals it will not accept as constituents of the products it buys (Fishbein, 2002). 

Outline the options that an alumina production facility has to convert the iron-rich red muds (a potential waste disposal problem) to salable products. Give equations for their production and describe their applications. 

Use checklists, such as given in Table 16.24, to identify potential waste reduction and safety opportunities. Identify opportunities by challenging the nominal specifications. 

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