Glucose, Sensor

Entrapment of biochemically reactive molecules into conductive polymer substrates is being used to develop electrochemical biosensors (212). This has proven especially useful for the incorporation of enzymes that retain their specific chemical reactivity. Electropolymerization of pyrrole in an aqueous solution containing glucose oxidase (GO) leads to a polypyrrole in which the GO enzyme is co-deposited with the polymer. These polymer-entrapped GO electrodes have been used as glucose sensors. A direct relationship is seen between the electrode response and the glucose concentration in the solution which was analyzed with a typical measurement taking between 20 to 40 s. 

In the area of consumer products, amperometric glucose sensors hold high potential. Industrially, process monitors for the manufacture of consumer chemicals are under development. However, replacement of defective reference electrodes, which in a laboratory environment may be trivial, may be prohibitively difficult m vivo or in an industrial process environment. 

Several biosensors are commercially available. One of the most useful is the glucose sensor. The standard sensor determines glucose concentration based on the glucose oxidase enzyme. The chemical reaction for oxidation of glucose is ... 

GLUT2 is a glucose/fructose transport facilitator expressed in liver, small intestine, kidney, and pancreatic p-cells. GLUT2 has low-affinity for glucose (Km= 60 mM) and fructose (ivm=65 mM), and is an essential part of the glucose sensor of pancreatic (3-cells which controls insulin secretion and biosynthesis. 

FIGURE 6-7 Schematic representation of a disposable glucose sensor strip. (Reproduced with permission front reference 13.)... 

FIG. 10 Schematic drawing of the design of (a) an S-layer-based amperometric glucose sensor, (b) a sucrose sensor, and (c) an optical glucose sensor. 

Sun YP, Buck H, Mallouk TE. 2001. Combinatorial discovery of alloy electrocatalysts for amperometric glucose sensors. Anal Chem 73 1599-1604. 

Kakehi N, Yamazaki T, Tsugawa W, Sode K. 2007. A novel wireless glucose sensor employing direct electron transfer principle based enzyme fuel cell. Biosens Bioelectron 22 2250-2255. 

Wienke D, Lucasius C, Ehrlich M, Kateman G (1993) Multicriteria target vector optimization of analytical procedures using a genetic algorithm. Part II. Polyoptimization of the photometric calibration graph of dry glucose sensors for quantitative clinical analysis. Anal Chim Acta 271 253... 

The advancement in our understanding of mediated enzyme electrochemistry since the pioneering work of Hill and colleagues can be easily appreciated when it is realised that a commercial blood glucose sensor, the size of a pen, became commercially available only about a decade later. 

Trettnak / Wolfbeis 1988 dual glucose sensor with compensation for oxygen supply... 

Trettnak W., Leiner M.J.P., Wolfbeis O.S., Fibre-optic glucose sensor with a pH optrode as a transducer, Biosensors 1988 4 15. 

Mansouri S., Schultz J., A miniature optical glucose sensor based on affinity binding,... 

Rosenweig Z., Kopelman R., Analytical properties of miniaturized oxygen and glucose sensors, Sensor Actuat B-Chem. 1996 35-36 475-483... 

Figure 11. Photo of the prototype of the glucose sensor developed by Lifetrac.

Launch of the first commercial glucose sensor system YSI Inc. 

Launch of a commercial in-vivo glucose sensor Minimed Inc. 

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FIGURE 11.30 Zn Nanowire glucose sensor (a) glucose oxidase impregnated Zn nanowire electrode (b) amperimetric response of different glucose concentration. 

Y. Sato, T. Sawaguchi, Hirata, Y., F. Mizutani, and S. Yabuki, Glucose xidse/polyion complex-bilayer membrane for elimination of electroactive interferents in amperometric glucose sensor. Anal. Chim. Acta 364, 173-179 (1998). 

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