Blood glucose sensor

The advancement in our understanding of mediated enzyme electrochemistry since the pioneering work of Hill and colleagues can be easily appreciated when it is realised that a commercial blood glucose sensor, the size of a pen, became commercially available only about a decade later. 

J. Armour, J. Lucisano, and D. Gough, Application of chronic intravascular blood glucose sensor in dogs. Diabetes 39,1519-1526 (1990). 

Blood glucose - [SENSORS] (Vol 21) -dietary fiber effect on [DIETARY FIBER] (Vol 8) -for sugar alcohols [SUGAR ALCOHOLS] (Vol 23)... 

Before dealing with the central topic, I would like to raise some further issues pertinent to it, and indeed to the development of thick-film sensors in general. Thick-film sensors are an important part of biosensor research because some blood glucose sensors for use in the home are made this way—if these are successful surely others can be Further, thick-film technology is not expensive and allows research laboratories to produce quickly, reasonably uniform devices in sufficient numbers for well replicated experiments. At the same time, some insight can be gained into the nature and demands of an industrial production process. 

Biosensors with their oft-quoted (ideal) properties would seem to be ready partners for industrial analysts who want information at point-of-need, but as has been pointed out many times, few examples have had the same success as the blood glucose sensors for use in the home (albeit this is an example from medicine rather than industry). The reasons for this have also been pointed out many times, the principal one being that the development and manufacture of the blood glucose sensors is supported by the sadly huge market for diabetic testing and the large amount of investment capital which accrues to that market [6,7]. Further, blood is a sample of reasonably constant composition (in this context), the information is truly useful to the client and the desire for information at home means there is less competition from laboratory-based instruments. This is in contrast to the diverse requirements for analysis in the food industry (for example) which make up a series of... 

Updike SJ, Shults MC, Capelli CC, von Heimburg D, Rhodes RK, Joseph-Tipton N, Anderson B, Koch DD. Laboratory evaluation of new reusable blood glucose sensor. Diabetes Care 1988, 11, 801-807. 

Heise HM, Marbach R, Koschinsky T, Gries FA. Noninvasive blood glucose sensors based on near-infrared spectroscopy. Artificial Organs 1994, 18, 439 -47. 

The physiological oxygen concentrations in arterial blood, 0.15 mmol/1, and venous blood, 0.01 mmol/1, are much lower than that of glucose (5-15 mmol/1). Continuous flow-through blood glucose sensors based on oxygen probes therefore exhibit a nonlinear current-concentration dependence (Layne et al., 1976). 

The blood glucose sensor is the most successful commercial biosensor developed so far. It is used for home testing by individuals suffering from diabetes. About 5% of the population in western countries suffer from this condition and most of them are required to control their blood glucose level several times a day. Thus, a... 

Drug administration route Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) Recent technology has combined insulin pumps with continuous blood glucose sensors. In... 

Hsu CT, Wu MH, Kuo CY, Zen JM (2014) Testing quality of a self-monitoring blood glucose sensor with an auto-coding mechanism when used by patients versus technicians. Clin Chim Acta 437 62-65... 

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