Glucose, commercial

Polyphenols Tannin Tannic acid Hanunamelitannin Commercially available mixture of hydrolyzable tannins usually rangmg from tri- to nona-galloyl glucose Commercially available extract of Hammamelis, a plant containing high concentrations of tannins... 

Glucose Glucose, commercial name dextrose, in the aldohexose form a-o-glucose [CsHizO ), is the major product from starch hydrolyzed by acid and/or enzymes. The major starch source in the USA and Japan is corn Zea mays) and in Europe, wheat and potato. There is some starch and starch hydrolyzate production from cassava in the tropics. Glucose is sold as anhydrous dextrose more commonly as dextrose monohydrate, as glucose syrup or corn syrup. 

Oxidation of an Aldose to the Corresponding Aldonic Add, Bromine or nitric acid are the main oxidants, the latter under mild conditions. The best yields are obtained by the use of bromine in a slightly acid buffered solution (pH 5-6) (see p. 340). The products are generally isolated as the metallic salts by direct crystallization from the reaction solution or by precipitation into ethanol. Yields as high as 95% have been reported in the case of glucose. Commercially the indirect use of bromine as an oxidant is employed in the electrolytic oxidation process with calcium bromide as a catalyst the constant regeneration of free bromine in the solution allows a very economical operation. In the case of rhamnose, the oxidation product can be isolated directly as the lactone this is one of the few cases for which recourse to metallic salts is not necessary. 

Invert sugar—When a solution of sugar is heated in the presence of an acid or treated with enzymes, the sugar breaks up into the two sugars of simpler chemical structure that characterize sucrose as a disaccharide. One is glucose, commercially called dextrose. The other is fructose, commercially... 

Sorbitol is a sweetener often substituted for cane sugar because it is better tolerated by dia betics It IS also an intermediate in the commercial synthesis of vitamin C Sorbitol is prepared by high pressure hydrogenation of glucose over a nickel catalyst What is the structure (including stereochemistry) of sorbitoP... 

This experiment describes the use of a commercially available amperometric biosensor for glucose that utilizes the enzyme glucose oxidase. The concentration of glucose in artificial... 

Commercially available kits for monitoring blood-glucose use an amperometric biosensor incorporating the enzyme glucose oxidase. This experiment describes how such monitors can be adapted to the quantitative analysis of glucose in beverages. 

Fructose—Dextrose Separation. Emctose—dextrose separation is an example of the appHcation of adsorption to nonhydrocarbon systems. An aqueous solution of the isomeric monosaccharide sugars, C H 2Dg, fmctose and dextrose (glucose), accompanied by minor quantities of polysaccharides, is produced commercially under the designation of "high" fmctose com symp by the enzymatic conversion of cornstarch. Because fmctose has about double the sweetness index of dextrose, the separation of fmctose from this mixture and the recycling of dextrose for further enzymatic conversion to fmctose is of commercial interest (see Sugar Sweeteners). 

Cellulose triacetate is obtained by the esterification of cellulose (qv) with acetic anhydride (see Cellulose esters). Commercial triacetate is not quite the precise chemical entity depicted as (1) because acetylation does not quite reach the maximum 3.0 acetyl groups per glucose unit. Secondary cellulose acetate is obtained by hydrolysis of the triacetate to an average degree of substitution (DS) of 2.4 acetyl groups per glucose unit. There is no satisfactory commercial means to acetylate direcdy to the 2.4 acetyl level and obtain a secondary acetate that has the desired solubiUty needed for fiber preparation. 

Table 5 presents typical operating conditions and cell production values for commercial-scale yeast-based SCP processes including (63) Saccharomjces cerevisae ie, primary yeast from molasses Candida utilis ie, Torula yeast, from papermiU. wastes, glucose, or sucrose and Klujveromjces marxianus var fragilis ie, fragihs yeast, from cheese whey or cheese whey permeate. AH of these products have been cleared for food use in the United States by the Food and Dmg Administration (77). 

Bulk Enzymes. Enzymes such as proteases, amylases, glucose isomerases, and rennin are used in food processing. Similarly proteases and Hpases are used in detergents. CeUulases and xylanases are used in the paper pulp industry. The genes for most of the enzymes used in the various commercial processes have been cloned and overexpressed. Rennin (chymosin) produced from E. coli and A. nigerhas been approved by FDA for use in the dairy industry. 

Commercial starch is mainly com starch, but smaller amounts of sorghum, wheat, and potato starch are also produced. In 1992, 1303 million bushels (45.8 X 10 m ) of com were ground for starch and other products (120) 1 m com weighs - 721 kg and yields 438 kg starch, 26 kg oil, and 142 kg combined gluten and hulls. In the United States in 1994—1995, 462 million bushels were used to produce high fmctose com symp, 231 million bushels went to produce D-glucose, 533 million bushels were used for alcohol production, and 247 million bushels were converted to starch (121). 

CO, and fermentation of glucose from wet milling of com (165). None of these methods has found commercial application. 

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