Implantable glucose sensor

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Bindra DS. Development of potentially implantable glucose sensors. PhD dissertation, University of Kansas, 1990. 

Gerritsen M, Jansen JA, Kros A, Vriezema DM, Sommerdijk NAJM, Nolte RJM, Lutterman JA, Van Hovell SWFM, Van der Gaag A. Influence of inflammatory cells and serum on the performance of implantable glucose sensors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 2000, 54, 69-75. 

Geelhood SJ, Horbett TA, Ward WK, Wood MD, Quinn MJ. Passivating protein coatings for implantable glucose sensors evaluation of protein retention. Journal of Biomedical Research Part B 2006, 81, 251-260. 

Klueh U, Dorsky DI, Kreutzer DL. Enhancement of implantable glucose sensor function in vivo using gene transfer-induced neovascularization. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 1155-1163. 

So far decades of effort and large expenditures directed toward the development of a long-term implantable glucose sensor have failed to meet the expectations of medical researchers and the lay public. What should be apparent from this experience is that the complex foreign body reaction by the host dominates, and thus methodical, stepwise research using relevant and powerful in vivo model systems cannot be bypassed. This approach is virtually requisite if we are to ever have a clinically useful, subcutaneously implantable glucose sensor. 

Gerritsen M. Problems associated with subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors. Diabetes Care 2000, 23, 143-145. 

Pickup JC, Shaw GW, Claremont DJ. Implantable glucose sensors choosing the appropriate sensing strategy. Biosensors 1987/1988, 3, 335-346. 

Since the implanted glucose sensor readings have a direct impact on the patient, the reliability of the sensor s reading is vital and can be influenced by developing a system that requires more functioning elements to produce a reading. The reliability... 

Galeska I, Hickey T, Moussy F, Kreutzer D, Papadimitrakopoulos F. Characterization and biocompatibility studies of novel humic acids based films as membrane material for an implantable glucose sensor. Biomacromolecules 2001, 2, 1249-1255. 

An implantable glucose sensor must also be stable for a minimum of 3 days.66 Previously, we demonstrated by electrochemical and SERS measurements that... 

Gough DA, Armour JC. Development of the implantable glucose sensor. What are the prospects and why is it taking so long Diabetes 1995 44 ... 

To summarize, the advent of redox-relay modified polymers, such as redox hydrogels, conducting polymers, or EDPs, enabled the development of biosensors that even made it to commercial applications such as implantable glucose sensors. In addition, this approach is now increasingly used for the development of biofuel cells. 

Dungel, P., Long, N., Yu, B., Moussy, Y., and Moussy, F. (2008) Study of the effects of tissue reactions on the function of implanted glucose sensors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 85A (3), 699-706. 

Kosdiwanez, H.E., Yap, F.Y., Klitzman, B., and Reichert, W.M. (2008) In vitro and in vivo characterization of porous poly-L-lactic add coatings for subcutaneously implanted glucose sensors. Journal of Biomedical Materials ResearchPart A, 87A (3), 792-807. 

Gough, D.A. and Bremer, T. (2000) Immobilized glucose oxidase in implantable glucose sensor technology. Diabetes Technology ef Therapeutics, 2 (3), 377-380. 

We can conclude that many problems along the way towards an implantable glucose sensor have been addressed and partly solved. However, many open questions are still unsolved and further problems will arise as work progresses. 

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