Artificial pancreas glucose sensors

About ten years ago, Bessman et al(10), University of Southern California, developed a glucose sensor of enzyme electrode type with glucose oxidase (G0X) for an artificial pancreas. This sensor had... 

M. Shichiri, Y. Yamasaki, N. Hakui, and H. Abe, Wearable artificial endocrine pancreas with needle-type glucose sensor. Lancet 2, 1129-1131 (1982). 

The closed-loop system (often termed the artificial pancreas ) is essentially a more sophisticated version of the system described above. It consists not only of a pump and infusion device, but also of an integral glucose sensor and computer that analyses the blood glucose data obtained and adjusts the flow rate accordingly. The true potential of such systems remains to be assessed. 

Development of Subcutaneous-Type Glucose Sensors for Implantable or Portable Artificial Pancreas... 

In order to provide for the complete therapy of diabetic patients, an implantable or portable closed-loop type artificial pancreas must be developed. The key factor in the development of such system is development of a small-size glucose sensor which is able to measure directly up to 500-700 mg/dl of BGL in a blood stream or in a body fluid. 

In vivo tests. The response properties of the glucose sensors I to IV are summarized in Table 1. The sensor HI and W have more desirable responses than the sensor I and H as a glucose sensor for the artificial pancreas. In the present paper, however, the results of in vivo tests obtained by using the sensor I will be demonstrated in the later section. 

Glucose sensor IH and W have more desirable properties than that of the sensor I, so that they are promising as a subcutaneous type glucose sensor for an implantable artificial pancreas. Now, life time test and in vivo testing of these sensors are going to be performed, and the results of these tests will be reported in the future. 

The application of an artificial endocrine pancreas (AEP=Biostator) with feedback control could be useful in the clinical management of unstable diabetics (Ohno et al., 1983). Former early closed-loop devices were large bedside machines (Pfeiffer et al., 1974) with only limited application for long-term use. More recent research has developed small glucose sensors which, however, have had only preliminarily testing for clinical application. External insulin pumps must be further miniaturized and technical failure... 

The studies by Shichiri s group led to an artificial pancreas consisting of a needle-type glucose sensor, a computer, and two syringe-driving systems, with a total weight of 400 g. Yet years will have to pass until a robust and reliable equipment for everyday use will be available. 

Glucose is probably the most frequently assayed nonionic analyte in clinical chemistry, but only recently have reliable sensors been developed for this species [66, 67]. At present, the lack of a suitable glucose sensor can be regarded as the rate-limiting step in the development of an artificial pancreas. 

Figure 3, shows one representative case of three days continuous record of an insulin-dependent diabetic treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. The continuous irronitoring of glucose concentration disclosed a day-by-day variation of gjlycemia in diabetics. Then a large research activity started to miniaturize the system in order to obtain a real wearable artificial pancreas. The first step was miniaturizing the sensor. Today we have on the market several small instruments able to monitor glucose continuously up to one week. ... 

Shichiri M, Kawamori R, Yamasaki T et al. Wearable-type artificial pancreas with needle-type glucose sensor. Lancet 1982 ii l 129-1131. 

Glucose Oxidase Glucose sensor — artificial pancreas... 

As you pointed out, 1 think that much research activity should be done In the field of the Implantable glucose sensor since the development or an artificial pancreas Is one of the Important challenges of today and one of the domains where, as stated In the title of this forum, electrochemistry could be of the service of mankind. 

Examples of analogous complete systems in chemistry are still rare. The best example is perhaps the artificial pancreas, in which a glucose sensor measures the actual blood-glucose concentrations in order to control an appropriate actuator, the insulin pump. Bedside devices for this purpose... 

Bessman, S.P. and Schultz, R.D. Prototype glucose-oxygen sensor for the artificial pancreas. Trans. Am. Soc. Artificial Internal Organs, 19 361, 1973. 

APPLICATION OF MPC COPOLYMERS FOR IMPLANTABLE GLUCOSE SENSOR OF ARTIFICIAL ENDOCRINE PANCREAS... 

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