Genetics immune response

The use of naked DNA as a vaccine is the most recent development in this field. Since the demonstration of the possibility of genetic immune response by direct injection of DNA into muscle cells, the field is developing rapidly. Clinical trials for influenza, hepatitis, HIV-1, and herpes simplex are being initiated. 

Live vaccines are normally weakened strains that do not cause diseases in the host, but stiU can stimulate the immune response. A typical example is the poho vaccine. The weakening of microorganisms or attenuation of the vims or bacteria can be accompHshed by passage through different substrates and/or at different temperatures. Modem genetic engineering techniques can also be used to attenuate a vims or bacterium. 

Tang DC, DeVit M, Johnston SA (1992) Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature 356 152-154... 

Hepatitis B Hepatitis B vaccines provide another illustration of how drug products have advanced vdth increasing technical capability. Vaccination against hepatitis B is common pradice for health workers, travellers and others who may be at risk of exposure to the virus. The initial vaccines contained inactivated virus to promote the immune response necessary to proted against future infection by the live virus. However, there was always some concern in case there was not complete inactivation of the virus used for vaccination. Further research into the virus identified the surface proteins against which the immune response is raised. The genetic... 

The role of an immune response to intestinal bacteria in the development of UC may not be as strong a contributing factor as it is in CD. The potential role of environmental factors in the development of UC implies that the immune response is directed against an unknown antigen. The findings that development and severity of UC are reduced in patients who smoke, or in those with appendectomies, may support the theory that these factors may somehow modify either the genetic component or phenotypic response to immunologic stimuli.11,13... 

Psoriasis is a T-lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disease that results from a complex interplay between multiple genetic factors and environmental influences. Genetic predisposition coupled with some precipitating factor triggers an abnormal immune response, resulting in the initial psoriatic skin lesions. Keratinocyte proliferation is central to the clinical presentation of psoriasis. 

Allen, J.E., Lawrence, R.A. and Maizels, R.M. (1995) Fine specificity of the genetically controlled immune-response to native and recombinant gpl 5/400 (polyprotein allergen) of Brugia malayi. Infection and Immunity 63, 2892-2898. 

Else, KJ. and Wakelin, D. (1989) Genetic variation in the humoral immune response of mice to the nematode Trichuris muris. Parasite Immunology 11, 77-90. 

Studies with a variety of genetically modified mice have shed new light on the complex relationship between the protective and pathological immune responses controlling parasite infections. TNF and NO are important components of the pathological response accompanying the expulsion of a gastrointestinal nematode parasite. In the absence of TNF-R1 or iNOS, mice do not develop the severe villus atrophy and mucosal mastocytosis that usually accompany infection with T. spiralis, but their ability to expel the... 

Changes in transporter proteins by high-frequency genetic mutation mechanisms, while maintaining transport activity, helps to evade the host s immune response, and in cases where the substrate specificity is changed, helps the microorganism to adapt to new iron sources. 

Tissue/organ transplantation in which the donor is not genetically identical to the recipient (i.e. in cases other than identical twins). The recipient will mount an immune response against the transplanted tissue, culminating in tissue rejection unless immunosuppressive agents are administered. 

Inactivated viral particles rgp 120 subunit vaccines rgp 160 subunit vaccines rp 24 subunit vaccines Live vaccines based on viral vectors Octameric V3 peptide Immune Response Genentech/Vaxgen, Biocine, Chiron/Ciba Geigy MicroGenes Sys. Inc., Immuno-Ag. MicroGenes Sys. Inc. Biocine, Merck, Sanofi Pasteur, Targeted Genetics UBI... 

These assays were valuable in the early study of allergy and anaphylaxis. However, the immune response, especially the induction phase of allergy (antibody production), to low weight compounds is genetically restricted. Therefore, when the heterogeneous genetic background of humans is considered, the use of these methods is limited [56],... 

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