Gastrointestinal nematodes

Lichtenfels, J.R., Hoberg, E.P. and Zarlenga, D.S. (1997) Systematics of gastrointestinal nematodes of domestic ruminants advances between 1992 and 1995 and proposals for future research. Veterinary Parasitology 72, 225-245. 

Blackburn, C.C. and Selkirk, M.E. (1992b) Inactivation of platelet activating factor by a putative acetylhydrolase from the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Immunology 75, 41 -A 6. 

Newlands, G.F.J., Skuce, P.J., Knox, D.P., Smith, S.K. and Smith, W.D. (1999) Cloning and characterisation of a (3-galactoside-binding protein (galectin) from the gastrointestinal nematode Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology 119, 483-490. 

Newton, S.E. and Munn, E.A (1999) The development of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes, particularly Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology Today 15, 116-122. 

Smith, T.S. and Munn, E.A. (1990) Strategies for vaccination against gastrointestinal nematodes. Revues of the Scientific and Technical Office for International Epizooitology 9, 577-595. 

Emery, D.L. and Wagland, B.M. (1991) Vaccines against gastrointestinal nematode parasites of ruminants. Parasitology Today 7, 347-349. 

Miller, H.R.P. (1984) The protective mucosal response against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and laboratory animals. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 6, 167-259. 

Miller, H.R.P. (1996) Prospects for the immunological control of ruminant gastrointestinal nematodes natural immunity, can it be harnessed InternationalJournal for Parasitology 26, 801-811. 

Pritchard, D.I., Williams, D.J., Behnke, J.M. and Lee, T.D.G. (1983) The role of IgGl hypergammaglobinaemia in immunity to the gastrointestinal nematode Nematospiroides duhius. The immunochemical purification, antigen specificity, in vivo anti-parasite effect of IgGl from immune serum. Immunology 49, 353-365. 

Urban, J.F., Katona, I.M., Paul, W.E. and Finkelman, F.D. (1991b) IL-4 is important in protective immunity to a gastrointestinal nematode infection in mice. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 5513-5517. 

Studies with a variety of genetically modified mice have shed new light on the complex relationship between the protective and pathological immune responses controlling parasite infections. TNF and NO are important components of the pathological response accompanying the expulsion of a gastrointestinal nematode parasite. In the absence of TNF-R1 or iNOS, mice do not develop the severe villus atrophy and mucosal mastocytosis that usually accompany infection with T. spiralis, but their ability to expel the... 

Finkelman, F.D., Shea-Donohue, T., Goldhill, J., Sullivan, C.A., Morris, S.C., Madden, K.B., Cause, W.C. and Urban, J.F. Jr (1997) Cytokine regulation of host defense against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes lessons from studies with rodent models. Annual Review in Immunology 15, 505-533. 

Bang, K. S., Familton, A. S. and Sykes A. R. (1990). Effect of copper oxide wire particle treatment on establishment of major gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs . Research in Veterinary Science, 39(2), 132-137. 

Burke, J. M. and Miller, I. E. (2002). Relative resistance of Dorper crossbred ewes to gastrointestinal nematode infection compared with St. Croix and Katahdin ewes in the southeastern United States . Veterinary Parasitology, 109, 265-275. 

Eady, S. J., Woolaston, R. R. and Barger, I. A. (2003). Comparison of genetic and nongenetic strategies for control of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep . Livestock Production Science, 81, 11-23. 

Gauly, M. and Erhardt, G. (2001). Genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematode parasites in Rhon sheep following natural infection . Veterinary Parasitology, 102, 253-259. 

Haile, A., Tembely, S., Anindo, D. O., Mukasa-Mugerwa, E., Rege, J. E. O., Yami, A. and Baker, R. L. (2002). Effects of breed and dietary protein supplementation on the responses to gastrointestinal nematode infections in Ethiopian sheep . Small Ruminant... 

Molan, A. L., Hoskin, S. O., Barry, T. N. and McNabb, W. C. (2000). Effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the larvae of deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes . Veterinary Record, 147(2), 44-8. 

ABSTRACT Three distinct chemical classes for the control of gastrointestinal nematodes are available benzimidazoles,... 

Table 1. Efficacies of MFA, PHA and PNU-141962 against gastrointestinal nematodes in experimentally infected jirds following oral dosing.

Febantel is a prodrug anthelminthic metabolized in vivo to fenbendazole and thereafter to oxfendazole. It is administered to cattle, sheep, and swine for treatment and control of gastrointestinal nematodes at dosages of 5-7.5 mg/kg bw. Fenbendazole, although not teratogenic per se, gives rise to the teratogenic oxfendazole. 

Parbendazole is an old anthelminthic that has been widely used against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms in cattle, sheep, and swine at dosages in the range 15-50 mg/kg bw. It is the drug in which the teratogenic effects of benzimidazoles were first identified. 

Flubendazole is used against gastrointestinal nematodes and lungworms in swine and poultry at dosages of 5 mg/kg bw or 30 ppm in the feed. This anthelminthic is poorly absorbed from the gut and, therefore, exhibits low toxicity. 

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