Structural order

If one has a priori knowledge of the types of structural order relevant to a system of interest, one can then generally construct metrics that are capable of detecting and quantifying that order. Such metrics are often designed to report the deviation of a structure from a reference arrangement of particles. This information can be especially useful for studying the behavior of supercooled liquids and related systems that exhibit transient structural precursors of the stable crystalline phase.34 The structural order 

The more intrinsic flexibilities the node and stmt have, the more randomness that is introduced into the framework. Very stiff resultant node-stmts that do not have intrinsic flexibility can introduce some degree of order within the network due to the strong stmcture-directing effect of the stiff building units. 

Exploring the flexibility that is available to a CMP node-stmt is challenging and involves sampling of the different potential stmctures that are available to each CMP node-stmt. This can be achieved through cluster building, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and Monte Carlo simulation. 

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Sood A K 1991 Structural ordering in colloidal suspensions Soiid State Phys. 45 1-73... 

Identification of unknown compounds in solutions, liquids, and crystalline materials characterization of structural order, and phase transitions... 

This article has been devoted to understanding the structural order at surfaces and interfaces through XPD and AED. However, these techniques are not limited to... 

Surfiice order and cleanliness. The most common use of LEED is in association with other surface analysis or surfiice research methods, to check surfiice structural order and cleanliness. A visual display of the diffraction pattern is used. An expected pattern, with sharp diffracted beams, is an indication that the surfiice is clean and well ordered. 

Extrusion press processing (express processing) was developed for the production of flax fiber-reinforced PP at the research center of Daimler Benz (Ulm, Germany) [62]. In this processing, natural fiber nonwovens and thermoplastic melt-films are alternatively deposited in a tempered molding tool and molded afterwards. The thermoplastic melt-films are laid on by a mobile extruder. If thi.s process is optimally adapted to the element, a single passage by the extruder suffices. The structural order consists of three layers two layers of... 

The physical and chemical properties of any material are closely related to the type of its chemical bonds. Oxygen atoms form partially covalent bonds with metals that account for the unique thermal stability of oxide compounds and for typically high temperatures of electric and magnetic structure ordering, high refractive indexes, but also for relatively narrow spectral ranges of transparency. 

The possibility of controlling ihc morphological and structural order in the solid is therefore a fundamental requirement for the control and reproducibility of the emission properties of a luminescent material within an organic light emitting diode (OLED) device. 

Corradini P (1981) in Ciardelli F, Giusti P (eds) Structural order in polymers, Pergamon Press, Oxford, p 25... 

Another important type of condensation polymer are the linear polyesters, such as poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Copolymers of polyesters and PA have been studied in detail, and it has been shown that random copolyesteramides have a low structural order and a low melting temperature. This is even the case for structurally similar systems such as when the group between the ester unit is the same as that between the amide unit, as in caprolactam-caprolactone copolymers (Fig. 3.10).22 Esters and amide units have different cell structures and the structures are not therefore isomorphous. If block copolymers are formed of ester and amide segments, then two melting temperatures are present. 

The surface reconstruction of Au(110) is more rapid than that of Au(l 1 l)andAu(100).257,467,504-514,516-518Au(533)andAu(311), localized in the [(110)-(100)] zone, and Au(221) and (331), localized in the [(111)-(110)] zone, exhibit stable terrace step structural arrangements largely free from disordering and facetting 485 Au(210) and (410), localized in the [(100)-(110)] zone, display only a short-range structural order related to the especially open nature of these faces. 

Chui, Y.H., Snook, I.K. and Russo, S.P. (2007) Visualization and analysis of structural ordering during crystallization of a gold nanoparticle. Physical Review B -Condensed Matter, 76,195427-1—195427-6. 

The present analysis shows that when a thermodynamic gradient is first applied to a system, there is a transient regime in which dynamic order is induced and in which the dynamic order increases over time. The driving force for this is the dissipation of first entropy (i.e., reduction in the gradient), and what opposes it is the cost of the dynamic order. The second entropy provides a quantitative expression for these processes. In the nonlinear regime, the fluxes couple to the static structure, and structural order can be induced as well. The nature of this combined order is to dissipate first entropy, and in the transient regime the rate of dissipation increases with the evolution of the system over time. 

Polypeptide chains exist in an equilibrium between different conformations as a function of environment (solvent, other solutes, pH) and thermodynamic (temperature, pressure) conditions. If a polypeptide adopts a structurally ordered, stable conformation, one speaks of an equilibrium between a folded state, represented by the structured, densely populated conformer, and an unfolded state, represented by diverse, sparsely populated conformers. Although this equilibrium exists for polypeptide chains of any size, its thermodynamics and kinetics are typically different for oligopeptides and proteins. This can be broadly explained with reference to the different dimensionalities of the free-energy hypersurfaces of these two types of molecules. 

NMR spectroscopy is a powerful technique to study molecular structure, order, and dynamics. Because of the anisotropy of the interactions of nuclear spins with each other and with their environment via dipolar, chemical shift, and quadrupolar interactions, the NMR frequencies depend on the orientation of a given molecular unit relative to the external magnetic field. NMR spectroscopy is thus quite valuable to characterize partially oriented systems. Solid-state NMR... 

Structural properties of both AFA-PLN and WT-PLN bound to SER-CAla after reconstitution in a functional lipid bilayer environment were examined by 13C solid-state NMR.241 Chemical-shift assignments in all domains of AFA-PLN provide direct evidence for the presence of two terminal ot-helices connected by a linker region of reduced structural order that differs from previous findings on free PLN. A combination of the spectroscopic data with biophysical and biochemical data using flexible protein-protein docking simulations provides a structural basis for understanding the interaction between PLN and SERCala.244 Using a... 

The parent materials differ from each other in many aspects the differences are being related both to their origin (coal or pitch) and heat treatment temperature. Clearly, coal should be classified as a polymeric type precursor while the others, such as carbonaceous precursors of relatively low, except for AC, carbonization degree. Specific of pitch-derived materials is distinctly lower mineral matter and heteroatoms content. Anisotropic appearance with predominating flow type texture proves the superior extent of structural ordering in pitch-derived materials. 

Incorporation of nitrogen into the carbons prepared via chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or into the carbon nanotubes yields highly graphitised materials with excellent structure ordering. For example, ordered mesoporous carbons containing 7.0-8.8 wt,% N have been obtained by the CVD method, using the SBA-12, SBA-15, MCM-41, MCM-48, and HMS materials as matrices and acetonitrile as carbon precursor [1],... 

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