Fuel, ethylized

Alcohols are some of the most common organic compounds. Methyl alcohol (methanol), also known as wood alcohol, is used as an industrial solvent and as an automotive racing fuel. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) is sometimes called grain alcohol because it is produced by the fermentation of grain or almost any other organic material. Isopropyl alcohol is the common name for propan-2-ol, used as rubbing alcohol. ... 

Methyl alcohol is used in industrial synthesis, as a solvent, and as a clean burning fuel. Ethyl alcohol is beverage alcohol it is also used as a solvent and antiseptic. Isopropyl alcohol is rubbing alcohol. 

Chlorobenzene primer, epoxies Aminopropyltriethoxysilane primer, ignition diesel fuel Ethyl ether... 

Unlike spark-induced combustion engines requiring fuel that resists autoignition, diesel engines require motor fuels, for vhich the reference compound is cetane, that are capable of auto-igniting easily. Additives improving the cetane number will promote the oxidation of paraffins. The only compound used is ethyl-2-hexyl nitrate. 

Synthol coproducts include alcohols, ketones, and lower paraffins. They are used mainly as solvents in the paint and printing industries, although some alcohols are blended into fuels. In 1992 Sasol began producing 17,500 t/yr 1-butanol [71-36-3] from 5-07-acetaldehyde [75-07-0] and plaimed to start a plant to produce high purity ethanol [64-17-5] in 1993. Acetone [67-64-1] and methyl ethyl ketone [78-93-3] are two ketone coproducts sold as solvents. 

Capacity Limitations and Biofuels Markets. Large biofuels markets exist (130—133), eg, production of fermentation ethanol for use as a gasoline extender (see Alcohol fuels). Even with existing (1987) and planned additions to ethanol plant capacities, less than 10% of gasoline sales could be satisfied with ethanol—gasoline blends of 10 vol % ethanol the maximum volumetric displacement of gasoline possible is about 1%. The same condition apphes to methanol and alcohol derivatives, ie, methyl-/-butyl ether [1634-04-4] and ethyl-/-butyl ether. 

In 1957, Ethyl Corp. announced anew antiknock compound, methylcyclopentadienyknanganese tricarbonyl [12108-13-3] (MMT). MMT is almost as effective as lead on a per gram of metal basis, but because manganese was more expensive than lead, MMT was not widely used until limits were placed on the lead content of gasoline. MMT was used in unleaded fuel between 1975 and 1978. After a large fleet test suggested that MMT could increase exhaust emissions because it interfered with catalysts and oxygen sensors, EPA banned its use in unleaded fuel in 1978. MMT is used in Canada in unleaded fuel. 

Some isopentane is dehydrogenated to isoamylene and converted, by processes analogous to those which produce methyl /-butyl ether [1634-04-4] (MTBE) to /-amyl methyl ether [994-05-8] (TAME), which is used as a fuel octane enhancer like MTBE. The amount of TAME which the market can absorb depends mostly on its price relative to MTBE, ethyl /-butyl ether [637-92-3] (ETBE), and ethanol, the other important oxygenated fuel additives. 

Ethyl A.ntioxidants in Fuels, Technical Bulletin, Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge, La., 1977. 

Biofuels. Biofuels are Hquid fuels, primarily used ia transportation (qv), produced from biomass feedstocks. Identified Hquid fuels and blending components iaclude ethanol (qv), methanol (qv), and the ethers ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), as well as synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. 

Metal carbonyls have been used as antiknock compounds in unleaded gasoline (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). The Ethyl Corp. marketed methylcyclopentadienyknanganese tticarbonyl (MMT) however, as in the case of tetraethyllead (180), its use is prohibited because of environmental concerns. 

Cobalt salts are used as activators for catalysts, fuel cells (qv), and batteries. Thermal decomposition of cobalt oxalate is used in the production of cobalt powder. Cobalt compounds have been used as selective absorbers for oxygen, in electrostatographic toners, as fluoridating agents, and in molecular sieves. Cobalt ethyUiexanoate and cobalt naphthenate are used as accelerators with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide for the room temperature cure of polyester resins. 

Other synthetic methods have been investigated but have not become commercial. These include, for example, the hydration of ethylene in the presence of dilute acids (weak sulfuric acid process) the conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde, followed by hydrogenation of the aldehyde to ethyl alcohol and the Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis. Synthetic fuels research has resulted in a whole new look at processes to make lower molecular weight alcohols from synthesis gas. 

In addition to MTBE, two other ethers commonly used as fuel additives ate /n/f-amyl methyl ether (TAME) and ethyl in/f-butyl ether [637-92-3] (ELBE). There ate a number of properties that ate important in gasoline blending (see Gasoline and OPHER MOTOR fuels) (Table 3). 

Ethyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether. Similar to methanol in the MTBE reaction, ethanol can react with isobutylene to produce ETBE. Which alcohol is used to make the ether is highly dependent on the relative cost of the alcohols. To make ethanol more economically competitive with methanol, the federal tax credit for biomass-based ethanol used in fuel also appHes to ethanol used to make ETBE in the United States (24). 

Rank the following materials in terms of their relative fire risks amyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, fuel oil, hexane, coal tar, mineral spirits, styrene monomer. 

ETHYL FLUID see MOTOR FUEL ANTI-KNOCK COMPOUND ... 

A recently marketed fuel additive is MMT (methyl cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl). MMT was first developed by the Ethyl Corporation in 1957 as an octane enhancing agent and has experienced a growth in demand in the 1990s. MMT was Ethyl Corporation s first major new antiknock compound since TEL. 

When liq ammonia is mixed with solid N204 at about —80°, an expln occurs. The action of gaseous ammonia at -20° is less vigorous (Ref 11). Spontaneous expins occur on contact between liq N204 and hydrazine-type fuels (Ref 18). Contact-type explns also occur with such materials as acetic anhydride, liq ammonia, methyl and ethyl nitrate, and propylene (Ref 33). 

Intermediate species concentrations in fuel-rich flames (C/O = 0.5) of the two isomeric esters methyl acetate (left) and ethyl formate (right) burnt under identical conditions mole fraction, h height species named on the left side of each graph correspond to left y-axes, species on the right to right y-axes. 

Ofiwald, P. et al.. Isomer-specific fuel destruction pathways in rich flames of methyl acetate and ethyl formate and consequences for the combustion chemistry of esters, /. Phys. Chem. A, 111, 4093,2007. 

Alcohols form esters from inorganic acids as shown above. Like all esterifications, these reactions are reversible that is, in the presence of water and the right conditions, they revert to the original alcohol and acid. Nitrate esters are mainly used as explosives, but some have found use as diesel fuel additives. Note the difference between a nitrate ester such as ethyl nitrate (C2H5ONO2) and an organic nitro compound such as nitroethane (C2H5NO2). 

Unbumt gasoline and cracked hydrocarbons such as ethylene and propylene are also substantial constituents of exhaust. Gasoline contains additives such as benzene, toluene and branched hydrocarbons to achieve the necessary octane numbers. The direct emission of these volatile compounds, e.g. at gas stations, is a significant source of air pollution. Leaded fuels, containing antiknock additions such as tetra-ethyl-lead, have been abandoned because lead poisons both human beings and the three-way exhaust catalyst, especially for the removal of NO by rhodium. 

Henricsson, S. and Westerholm, R., Liquid chromatographic method for analysing the colour marker Solvent Yellow 124, N-ethyl-N-[2-(l-isobutoxy-ethoxy)ethyl](4-phenylazophenyl)amine, in diesel fuels, ]. Chromatogr. A, 723, 395, 1996. 

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