Additives for diesel fuels

Damin, B., A. Faure, J. Denis, B. Sillion, P. Claudy and J.M. Letoffe (1986), New additives for diesel fuels cloud point depressents . SAE paper No. 86-1527, International fuels and lubricants meeting and exposition, Philadelphia, PA. 

Fuels and Lubricants. Rare-earth neodecanoates have been claimed as additives for diesel fuels that reduce the precipitation of particles and gum (108). Neodecanoic acid has also been used in the preparation of ashless detergent additives for fuels and lubricants that reduce engine deposits in internal combustion engines (109). 

Damin, B., Faure, A., Denis, J., Sillion, B., Claudy, P., and Letoffe, J. M. 1986. New Additives for Diesel Fuels Cloud-Point Depressants, in Diesel Fuels Performance and Characteristics. In SAE Spec. Publ. SP-675 (Diesel Fuels Performance and Characteristics). Warrendale PA Society of Automotive Engineers (Paper No. 861527). 

The Department of the Army has a Performance Specification for Stabilizer Additive for Diesel Fuel, US MIL Specs 53021 A, which describes testing for the performance of fuel biocides. The fuel/water ratio used in this test is currently 1/100 but 1/1,000 is also recommended. This test consists of a single inoculation with hydrocarbonutilizing microorganisms. Metal coupons are added to the water bottom to check the ability of the microorganisms to cause corrosion in the system. 

DADP has been proposed for only a small number of applications in the explosives industry as a substitute for mercury fulminate in detonators and igniters [17], in the petrochemical industry as an additive for Diesel fuels [37] and in the polymer industry as a polymerization initiator for methyl methacrylate [27]. It has, however, never been used practically [38] due to its low physical stability. 

Some organic peroxides, including TATP, have been suggested as additives for diesel fuels [37]. 

The differences between the measured cetane numbers and the cetane indices calculated by the above formula are relatively small for cetane indices between 40 and 55. Nevertheless, for diesel fuels containing a pro-cetane additive, the CCl will be much less than the actual value (refer to paragraph d). 

Lubricants, Fuels, and Petroleum. The adipate and azelate diesters of through alcohols, as weU as those of tridecyl alcohol, are used as synthetic lubricants, hydrauHc fluids, and brake fluids. Phosphate esters are utilized as industrial and aviation functional fluids and to a smaH extent as additives in other lubricants. A number of alcohols, particularly the Cg materials, are employed to produce zinc dialkyldithiophosphates as lubricant antiwear additives. A smaH amount is used to make viscosity index improvers for lubricating oils. 2-Ethylhexyl nitrate [24247-96-7] serves as a cetane improver for diesel fuels and hexanol is used as an additive to fuel oil or other fuels (57). Various enhanced oil recovery processes utilize formulations containing hexanol or heptanol to displace oil from underground reservoirs (58) the alcohols and derivatives are also used as defoamers in oil production. 

Oxygenates. Oxygenated materials have been considered for addition to diesel fuels for the same reasons these compounds ate added to... 

Calcium nitrate is used in explosives, matches and pyrotechnics. Other applications are in the manufacture of incandescent mantle and as an additive to diesel fuel for corrosion inhibition. 

Rohrlich Sauermilch(Ref 6a) say that high sensitivity and extreme volatility of dimeric peroxide exclude it from practical consideration. It was recommended, however, by N ah sen (Addnl Ref a) for use in fuzes, detonators and caps and by Thiemann(Addnl Ref c) as an additive to Diesel fuels... 

Nitraminomethane was patented for use as an additive to Diesel fuels(Ref 10). There is no info at our disposal about its uses in expls or prplnts... 

It is predicted that eventually biodiesel may reach 5-7% market share in Europe for diesel fuels [1.29]. This estimate is based on current and planned construction of biodiesel production facilities. When all these facilities are in place, it is estimated that over 1 million tons of biodiesel will be produced in the European Union, with 40,000 additional tons in the Czech Republic. 

Underground storage tanks and piping should incorporate a leak detection system. While biodiesel is biodegradable, fuel additives or diesel fuel may be added to biodiesel which will make spills a health concern if they find their way into the water system. There is no need for leak detection around the dispenser. 

Biodiesel is believed to be a promising alternative fuel to substitute petroleum-derived diesel fuel in diesel engines, and essentially no engine modifications are required to substitute biodiesel for diesel fuel. In addition, biodiesel is better than diesel fuel in terms of sulfur content, flash point, aromatic content, and biodegradability (1). Research on the commercial application of biodiesel has therefore been started in European countries, the United States, and Japan (2,3). 

In a fuel additive use for 2-ethylhexanol, the alcohol is reacted with nitric acid and the nitrate produced added in low concentrations to diesel fuel to improve ignition quality. Use of such a "cetane improver" allows the refiner greater flexibility in blending distillate into fuel such as aromatics, branched paraffins, and naphthenes. The "cetane improver" also helps meet sudden local increases in demand for diesel fuels by allowing refiners to upgrade stored heating oil to diesel fuel quality quickly and economically. 

The mechanism of action for diesel fuels is not well characterized due to the complexity of its petroleum hydrocarbon mixture. The presence of additives that improve fuel combustion or prevent microbial growth may contribute to toxicity. Based on research conducted with individual components of diesel fuels, the primary mechanism of action for central nervous system (CNS) depression from diesel fuel is the reversible, physical interaction of the aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons with cell membranes. Renal toxicity is possibly attributed to oxidative metabolites of some of the aromatic constituents. Eye and skin injury are attributable to direct irritant action and the high lipid solubility that may dissolve protective skin oils and allow penetration into the skin tissue. The dermal carcinogenesis observed in rodents subjected to chronic dermal exposure to diesel may be attributed to the genotoxic activity of PAHs and the promoting activity of repeated dermal injury. 

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