Synthetic gasoline

Biofuels. Biofuels are Hquid fuels, primarily used ia transportation (qv), produced from biomass feedstocks. Identified Hquid fuels and blending components iaclude ethanol (qv), methanol (qv), and the ethers ethyl /-butyl ether (ETBE) and methyl /-butyl ether (MTBE), as well as synthetic gasoline, diesel, and jet fuels. 

Feedstocks. A separate breakdown between fuels and feedstocks (qv) for the chemical industry (2) shows that the quantity of hydrocarbons (qv) used direcdy for feedstock is about as great as that used for fuel (see Fuels, synthetic Gasoline and other motor fuels). Much of this feedstock is oxidized accompanied by the release of heat, and in many processes, by-product energy from feedstock oxidation dominates purchased fuel and electricity. A classic example is the manufacture of nitric acid (qv) [7697-37-2] HNO. Ammonia (qv) [7664-41-7] burned in air on a catalyst at a pressure... 

Kunst,/. art profession skill work (of art). Kunst-. artificial synthetic technical art. -asphalt, m. pitch, -ausdruck, m. technical term, -baumwolle,/. artificial cotton, -ben-zin, n. synthetic gasoline, -bronze, f. art bronze, -butter, /. artificial butter, oleomargarine. -darm, m. artificial gut, synthetic saiisage casing, -druck, m. art printing. -dUnger, m. artificial manure, fertilizer, -eis,... 

Bruner, F. H. 1949. Synthetic gasoline from natural gas. Composition and quality. Ind. Eng. Chem. 41 2511-15. 

Some of the Farben factories made products that were interchangeable for peace or war — buna rubber, synthetic gasoline, and the ethylene oxide that would yield either Prestone or poison gas. 

Carl Krauch, Fritz ter Meer, Heinrich Buetefisch, and Christian Schneider are "advising" in the production of synthetic rubber and synthetic gasoline for "peacetime purposes." Often they visit at the home of Hermann Schmitz, living "in retirement" at Wesel am Rhein. From time to time Ter Meer acts as expert for the Bonn government. 

EIeinrich Buetefisch Production chief for gasoline, methanol and chlorine electrolysis production. World s greatest synthetic-gasoline scientist. Lieutenant colonel in the S.S. Member of the board of directors of synthetic-oil and explosive companies in Russia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Yugoslavia, Rumania, and Hungary. 

Production of synthetic gasoline by the Fischer-Tropsch process ... 

This process (usually with addition of steam) can also be used to generate gas mixtures from partial oxidation of coal for synthetic gasoline production (see (4), above). Fluidized beds offer convenience for continuous handling of the feed solids. 

Today ethanol and biodiesel (FAME) are the most common biofuels. Alternative fuels from fossil energy sources are mainly LPG and CNG. Synthetic gasoline and diesel from coal (CTL) and natural gas (GTL) are produced mainly in South Africa. Electricity used in battery-electric vehicles plays a minor role today. The fuel consumption for road transport in the world today amounts to about 65 700 PJ per year (IEA, 2006a) in total, the share of alternative fuels for transport at the time of writing was about 2.7% (Table 7.24). 

Cost Is about 10-12/GJ for both methanol and synthetic gasoline for transportation usage. The additional conversion costs of methanol to gasoline by the Mobil process roughly balance the distribution and usage costs of methanol/gasoline blends. 

Another important application of iron is as an industrial catalyst. It is used in catalyst compositions in the Haber process for synthesis of ammonia, and in Fischer-Tropsch process for producing synthetic gasoline. 

With completion of the 100 BPD MTO program, large scale testing will be completed for both steps of the MTO/MOGD process route, giving reliable scale-up information for a new and novel route for producing synthetic gasoline and diesel fuels. 

Literature studies confirm this result for other liquid fuels. For example, Docter et al. have calculated the regions of coke formation for ATR and POX of a synthetic gasoline mixture at various S/C ratios (Figure 7)P... 

For this calculation, a synthetic gasoline is used, consisting of 35% n-Ce, 25% hexene, and 40% xylene. As expected, the results show that as the oxygen concentration ( air ratio ) increases, the thermodynamic driving force for coke formation decreases. Increasing the S/R ratio from zero i.e., POX) to 0.7 also decreases coke formation. Coke is not thermodynamically favored at air ratios above 0.3, which corresponds to temperatures above 850°C. 

Figure 7 Thermodynamic calculation of product composition and coke formation for a synthetic gasoline mixture (35% n-C, 25% hexene, and 40%o xylenes) for ATR (SjC = 0.7) and POX (SjC = 0)t Air ratio = (p airl fuel)actual ( airffuel)stoichiometric (Note that temperature is a dependent variable in this figure, fixed by air jfuel ratio) (Reprinted from Docter and Lamm, copyright (1999), with permission from Elsevier)...

Symmetry groups, 53, AI3-A22 Symmetry operations. 46-53 Synthesis gas, 709-711 Synthetic gasoline, 715-717 Systematic absences, 79... 

Synthetic Gasoline We have seen that natural gas or coal can be converted to synthesis gas (Eqs. 15.160... 

An important process for production of synthetic protein uses methanol ns feedstock. The use of methanol as a fuel, either as pure melhanol. as a mixture (approximately I5 4) with gasoline, or as a feedstock for synthetic gasoline is envisaged for possible large-scale application as well as use in gas turbines lor electricity generation. See also Wastes as Energy Sources. 

Ion exchange of the Na+ cations with NH4+, and subsequent drying and calcination, gives the solid acid H-ZSM-5, used in synthetic gasoline manufacture and... 

Conversion of Coal to Synthetic Gasoline and other Distillate Fuels", Monthly Progress Reports FE-2306-36 through 42,... 

Since we need to manufacture a fuel for the post fossil fuel era, we are in a position to select the best possible fuel. There are many candidates, such as synthetic gasoline, synthetic natural gas (methane), methanol, ethanol, and hydrogen. The fuel of choice must satisfy the following conditions [7] ... 

At present, the Fischer-Tropsch process is employed in industry to convert standard natural gas into synthetic gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel [65], It involves a series of chemical reactions that lead to a variety of hydrocarbons ... 

One of the most significant stages in the development of zeolite catalysts was the synthesis by Mobil scientists (U.S. Patent 3,702, 866) of the zeolite now universally known as ZSM-5 (i.e. Zeolite Socony Mobil-5). This was the first - and most important - member of a new class of shape selective catalysts, which have made viable the production of synthetic gasoline . In this process, high-octane gasoline is produced by the catalytic conversion of methanol to a mixture of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons (Derouane, 1980). Because of its unique combination of chemical nature and pore structure, ZSM-5 is a highly effective dehydration, isomerization and polymerization catalyst. 

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