Octane enhancement and

Table 12.2 gives the uses for methanol. The percentage of methanol used in the manufacture of formaldehyde has been fluctuating. It was 42% in 1981. It has decreased in part because of recent toxicity scares of formaldehyde. The percentage of methanol used in acetic acid manufacture is up from 7% in 1981 because the carbonylation of methanol has become the preferred acetic acid manufacturing method. MTBE is the octane enhancer and is synthesized directly from isobutylene and methanol. It was... 

OLIGOMERIZATION OF LOWER OLEFINS TO OCTANE ENHANCERS AND DISTILLATE RANGE OLEFINS BY NICKEL BASED HOMOGENEOUS AND SUPPORTED CATALYSTS... 

Examples of liquid additives currently in use include bismuth and antimony based additives for passivation of nickel contaminants. A number of solid catalytic additives have been developed that are specific for certain functions. Approximately two-thirds of North American units utilize a noble metal promoter to reduce emissions of CO as well as provide beneficial yield effects. During the early to mid-1980 s, SOX removal additives came into use due to tighter environmental restrictions. A ZSM-5 based additive for octane enhancement and light olefin production was developed during the mid-1980 s and is used commercially. Additives have also been proposed as metal traps especially for vanadium passivation. These solid FCC additives have become an increasingly important tool by which refiners meet yield and environmental requirements. 

Some isopentane is dehydrogenated to isoamylene and converted, by processes analogous to those which produce methyl /-butyl ether [1634-04-4] (MTBE) to /-amyl methyl ether [994-05-8] (TAME), which is used as a fuel octane enhancer like MTBE. The amount of TAME which the market can absorb depends mostly on its price relative to MTBE, ethyl /-butyl ether [637-92-3] (ETBE), and ethanol, the other important oxygenated fuel additives. 

TEL was not the only way to increase octane number. Those few companies who did not wish to do business with Jersey Standard, sought other means to produce a viable premium gasoline. TEL represented the most serious threat to the traditional gasoline product. It was cheap, vei y effective, and only 0.1 percent of TEL was required to increase the octane number 10 to 15 points. In contrast, between 50 to 100 times this concentration was required of alternative octane enhancers to achieve the same effect. 

A recently marketed fuel additive is MMT (methyl cyclopentadienylmanganese tricarbonyl). MMT was first developed by the Ethyl Corporation in 1957 as an octane enhancing agent and has experienced a growth in demand in the 1990s. MMT was Ethyl Corporation s first major new antiknock compound since TEL. 

Uses The mixed xylenes are used as solvents and as octane enhancers in gasoline. The largest use for each of the pure isomers is oxidation to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. 

In our previous work [63], we studied the hydrolysis kinetics of lipase from Mucor javanicus in a modified Lewis cell (Fig. 4). Initial hydrolysis reaction rates (uri) were measured in the presence of lipase in the aqueous phase (borate buffer). Initial substrate (trilinolein) concentration (TLj) in the organic phase (octane) was between 0.05 and 8 mM. The presence of the interface with octane enhances hydrolysis [37]. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the kinetics curve (1/Uj.] = f( /TL)) gave straight lines, demonstrating that the hydrolysis reaction shows the expected kinetic behavior (Michaelis-Menten). Excess substrate results in reaction inhibition. Apparent parameters of the Michaelis equation were determined from the curve l/urj = f /TL) and substrate inhibition was determined from the curve 1/Uj.] =f(TL) ... 

OCTENAR [Octane enhancement by removing aromatics] A process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum reformate by extractive distillation with N-formyl mor-phylane. The product can be blended with gasoline to increase its octane number — hence the name. A paraffin mixture is obtained as a side-product. Developed by Krupp Koppers from its MORPHYLANE and MORPHYLEX processes. 

In the 1990s the U.S. methanol industry was producing almost 4 million gallons of methanol per day. Only a third of this was used as fuel for transportation and much of it was converted to MTBE. Methanol is also popular in high-performance racing because of its octane-enhancing qualities. 

A more recent raw material for plasticizer alcohols is crack-C4 as a byproduct of steamcrackers in ethene/propene production. After extraction of butadiene for use and etherification of isobutene with methanol to methyl-tertiary-butylether MTBE as an octane enhancer, a stream is left containing 1-butene, 2-butene, and butanes, so-called raffinate II. Oligomerization of the butenes yields C8 olefin mixtures ( dibutene ) as the main product and the corresponding C12 olefins as the main byproduct (tributene). They are the... 

Leaded fuels are now banned across Canada. In unleaded gasoline, simple organic compounds are added instead of lead compounds. These octane-enhancing compounds include methyl-t-butyl ether, t-butyl alcohol, methanol, and ethanol. Like lead catalysts. 

MTBE is made by catalytically reacting methanol and isobutylene. The outlook for MTBE is murlty because the primary application, a gasoline octane enhancer/oxygenate, is under attack because of environmental reasons. 

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