Ethanol blending with gasoline

Transportation fuels are the largest consumers of crude oil. Petroleum-based transportation fuels are responsible for 35 percent of greenhouse gas emissions m the United States. Only percent of transportation fuels comes from renewable nonpetro-leum-based sources, primarily from the use of corn-based ethanol blended with gasoline to make gasohol. Increased use of biofuels could lower some of the pollution caused by the use of transportatiou fuels. 

For gasoline substitution major problems are not expected. Brazil has used ethanol blended with gasoline for years without problems and now ethanol engines are part of the normal production of the Brazilian car industry. Methanol is very... 

Butanol can increase the water tolerance of gasoline-ethanol blends (Bolt 1980 Noon 1982). The water tolerance of the gasoline-ethanol blends increases with the ethanol concentration and temperature. At room temperature, a 25 % ethanol blend with gasoline can tolerate about 1 % of water. If 2 % of water is present in the blend, most of the ethanol will separate from gasoline in a few seconds and settle to the bottom, which is known as phase separation. Phase separation renders the ethanol-gasoline blend unfit as an automobile fuel (Bolt 1980). Addition of butanol to the blend increases the water tolerance to prevent phase separation (Bolt 1980 Noon 1982). 

The chemical formula for ethanol is Cl L,Cl TOIL Ethanol is less toxic and more biodegradable than gasoline. For its octane boosting capability ethanol can be use as a fuel additive when blended with gasoline. 

Demand for gasoline is 125 billion gals (473 billion 1) per year according to 1998 estimates. The Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990 mandates the use of oxygenated fuels such as ethanol blends with up to 3.5 percent oxygen by weight in gasoline (E-10 or... 

Bioethanol is the largest biofuel today and is used in low 5%—10% blends with gasoline (E5, E10), but also as E85 in flexible-fuel vehicles. Conventional production is a well known process, based on the enzymatic conversion of starchy biomass (cereals) into sugars, and fermentation of 6-carbon sugars with final distillation of ethanol to fuel grade. 

A variety of alternative fuels, including LPG, CNG, ethanol, methanol, as well as electricity, have been implemented on a small scale in the USA, but with limited success - the total number of alternative fuelled vehicles remains less than 1 % of the total fleet (Davis and Diegel, 2007). The largest alternative fuel used in the USA is ethanol derived from corn, which is currently blended with gasoline up to 10% by volume in some regions, and accounts for 3% of US transportation energy use. 

ASTM D-4806, Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use in Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines. 

Cold weather starting for ethanol fuels is poor unless blended with gasoline or some other starting fluid such as dimethyl ether or isopentane. The minimum starting temperature for neat ethanol fuel is about 60°F (15.6°F). In E95, E85, and E10 blends, the starting problems are minimized. 

Cellulose ethanol is blended with gasoline to power vehicles... 

Lower transportation costs could ultimately make California-produced ethanol competitive with imported supplies. Ethanol imported from the Midwest is splash-blended at fuel distribution centers. Ethanol plants using California feedstock materials might be located near the distribution centers, to minimize the cost of transporting ethanol before it is blended with gasoline. 

Ethanol is a colourless liquid that has been used in many ways as a chemical in the medical and food industries. It is soluble in water and can be used as a pure fuel or blended with gasoline or diesel. With regard to safety and environmental... 

By 1999, some 1 million afvs were on the road, only about 0.4 percent of all vehicles. In 1998, alternative fuels consumed in afvs substituted for some 334 million gallons of gasoline, about 0.3 percent of that year s total consumption. An additional 3.9 billion gallons of ethanol and methanol replaced gasoline that year, but those fuels were blended with gasoline and consumed in conventional vehicles. 

In most cases the ethanol is blended with gasoline. The vast majority of cars and trucks can use a 10% blend with gasoline (E10) in USA. A 22% blend of ethanol with gasoline (E22) is the most sold fuel in Brazil. Flex-fuel vehicles (FFV) are capable of running on variable blends up to 85% bioethanol (E85). However, when using E85 the fuel consumption increases by 20-30% due to differences in energy per unit volume. 

Numerous studies have proven that ethanol as a transportation fuel produces far less air pollutants than gasoline, and particularly since it contributes no net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. This environmentally friendly liquid fuel can be used directly as a neat fuel (100%) or as a blend with gasoline at various concentrations. The raw material used for the production of ethanol fuel is renewable and abundantly available domestically in most countries. Thus, the use of ethanol to supplement or replace gasoline not only reduces air pollution, ensures a cleaner environment, and eases the threat of global warming, but also reduces the dependency of many nations on imported foreign oil and protects their energy security. 

Ethanol (C2H5OH), a domestically produced fuel source, is often blended with gasoline. A sample of ethanol has a mass of 45.6 g. 

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