Fires risks

The handling of boric acid and borax is generally not considered dangerous. There are no fire risks associated with the storage or use of inorganic borates, and they are not explosive. 

Wire and cable insulation based on vulcanizates of PZ has also been studied. Again, low fire risk was the target property, and this was achieved. The need to vulcanize the coating, somewhat modest tensile properties, tensile strength of 5.2 to 12.2 MPa (760 to 1770 psi), and high dielectric constant (4—5 at 10,000 Hz) limited interest in this appHcation (19). 

These are heat- and flameproof cables suitable for high fire risk zones. In severe fire conditions, when the outer protection and insulation have been destroyed, these cables would still maintain continuity of essential services. 

The former is to protect the human body from shock,s and electrocution, while the latter protects the circuit from fire risk. Normally the 300 mA GLCB is used as the incomer and 30 mA as the outgoing for the individual feeding circuits. 

The fire risk from static ignition increases with the volume and volatility of flammable liquid handled. Hence, the smallest volume container capable of... 

Figure 6.2 Action plan for fire risk assessment...

Eor the purposes of safety distanees in eonneetion with the issue of lieenees for faetories and magazines, explosives have been eategorized as X - fire or slight explosion risks or both, with only loeal effeet Y - mass fire risks or moderate explosion risk, but not mass explosion risk Z - mass explosion risk with serious missile effeet ZZ - mass explosion risk with minor missile effeet. 

Locate free from fire risk and away from sources of heat and ignition. 

Place a red triangle warning device at the rear of the vehicle and near any spillage Prevent smoking and direct other vehicles away from any fire risk area Upon the police/fire brigade taking charge ... 

Switch should not constitute a fire risk in an explosive atmosphere and be capable of opening whilst engine is running, without causing any dangerous excess voltage... 

Apply to all workplaces, unless specifically excepted, and require a fire risk assessment where necessary, appropriate fire-fighting equipment with detectors and alarms measures for fire-fighting emergency routes and exits maintenance of equipment provided. 

Rank the following materials in terms of their relative fire risks amyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, fuel oil, hexane, coal tar, mineral spirits, styrene monomer. 

Fire Risk Area - A process plant is subdivided into fire risk areas, each of which is the maximum area which can reasonably be expected to be totally involved in a single fire. This is used to determine the combined requirement for... 

In order to determine the total vapor capacity to be relieved when several vessels are exposed to a single fire, a processing area is considered as being divided into a number of single fire risk areas. Plant layout should be designed... 

When a fire occurs, it is assumed that all fluid flow to and from the fire risk area has been stopped. Therefore, flow loads such as control valve failure or incoming feed streams are not additive to the fire load. Credit is not generally given to flow out through normal channels, since they could also be blocked during the fire emergency. 

If a situation occurs which involves more than one fire risk area simultaneously (such as an entire Refinery or Chemical complex), it would be classed as a remote contingency event, and the 1.5 Time Design Pressure Rule may be applied. 

Routing of Flare Header through Process Areas - Flare headers in process areas should be routed to avoid locations of particularly high fire risk, such as over pumps, near furnaces, etc. The headers and subheaders should also be laid out and provided with isolating CSO valves and spectacle blinds, unless prohibited by local codes, such that it is not necessary for flare lines to remain in service in units which are shut down separately. Blowdown and water disengaging drums should be spaced from process areas. 

Fire Protection FIVE and FRANC support quantitative and qualitative fire risk, assessmeiil. FRANC also supports the analysis of alternative safe shutdown paths during an Appendix R review. System train availability is exhibited on a system status panel, Using this a strategy can be defined to upgrade Thcrnm 1. if identify risk significant areas. 

The plant internal PSA can be used to identify critical equipment that could be damaged by fire. This form of screening was employed in the fire-risk portions of ZIP. At each location considered, the loss of all the equipment in the zone is postulated regardless of the size or position of the fire in the zone. If this does not show the occurrence of an initiating event (LOCA or transient) or if the safety functions are not damage to required for safe shutdown, the location is eliminated from consideration. If the location is found to be critical, it is considered furilier lot-detailed fire growth and fire suppression analyses. 

It is unclear whether previously published fire risk analyses have adequately ircaicd dependent failures and systems interaetions. Examples of either experienced or postulated system interactions that have been missed include unrelated systems that share common locations and the attendant spatially related physical interactions arising from fire. Incomplete enumeration of causes of failure and cavalier assumptions of independence can lead to underestimation of accident l rci uencies by many orders of magnitude,... 

The external events PSA was based on standard methods used for commercial reactor PSAs, Fire risk was estimated from commercial nuclear power plant data combined with industrial fire information. The seismic hazard was evaluated using a combination of the EPRI and LLNL ( UREG/CR-.3250) databases. Wind hazards were analyzed by EQE, Inc., using NRC-based nicihodulogy. 

Lambright, J. et al., 1989, Fire Risk Scoping Study, Sandia National Laboratories, SAND 88-0177, NlJREG/CR-5088, December. 

In general, it is mandatory to have some kind of partition between different parts of a building because of fire risks and regulations. These partitions can easily change both the airflow rate and the air distribution if proper preventive measures are not taken. 

Flammable liquids are widely used in many types of factories, and their misuse is responsible for many outbreaks of fire. The fire risks from the flammable liquids in common use such as petrol, paraffin, white spirit, cellulose solutions and thinners are well known, but these are only a few of the liquids which present hazards in industry. The variety of flammable liquids used in processes as solvents or carriers and for other purposes is constantly extending. 

---