Fruit crops herbicides used

Arsenic trioxide finds major use in the preparation of other compounds, notably those used in agricultural applications, The compounds monosodium methylarsonate. disodium methylarsonate, methane arsenic acid (cacodylic acid) are used for weed control, while arsenic acid, H3ASO4, is used as a desiccant for the defoliation of cotton crops, Other compounds once widely used in agriculture are calcium arsenate for control of boll weevils, lead arsenate as a pesticide for fruit crops, and sodium arsenite as a herbicide and for cattle and sheep dip. In some areas, arsenilic acid has been used as a feed additive for swine and poultry. Restrictions on these compounds vary from one country and region to the next. 

Finally, certain triazine herbicides can be used selectively in orchards and in some horticultural crops. In this case, selectivity is not based only on physiological differences between species, but on physical selectivity associated with the location of the herbicide and the roots of the crop and weed species in the soil. Triazine herbicides such as simazine, which has very low solubility in water, remain close to the soil surface in most mineral soils. Careful application of simazine in horticultural or fruit crops can result in the herbicide being available to control shallow-rooted weed species without harming the deeper-rooted perennial species. The success of this use is dependent not only on the relative rooting depths of the tolerant and susceptible species, but also on soil conditions and other factors that may affect herbicide fate and movement. 

Uses herbicides/insecticides pre- or post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in cereals, maize, lucerne, clover, trefoil, grass leys, potatoes, peas, onions, garlics, peas, leeks, soya beans, orchards, groundnuts, strawberries, vineyards and other crops for control of strawberry runners and raspberry suckers and overwintering forms of insect pests on fruit trees also used as a desiccant for leguminous seed crops destruction of potato haulms as a pre-harvest hop defoliant, etc. 

Uses Napropamide is a slightly toxic amide herbicide. It is grouped by the USEPA under GUP.13 Napropamide is a selective systemic amide herbicide used to control a number of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. It also is applied to soil growing vegetables, fruit trees and bushes, vines, strawberries, sunflowers, tobacco, olives, and other crops. The formulations include emulsifiable concentrate, wettable powder, granules, and suspension concentrates.12... 

Copper chromium arsenate as a wood preservative Calcium and sodium arsenate herbicides Lead arsenate formerly used on fruit crops Formerly in cotton defoliants Sodium arsenite in cattle and sheep dips Alloys with copper and lead for bearings With aluminum, gallium, and indium in semiconductors... 

Uses Nonselective contact herbicide used to control broad-leaved weeds in fruit and vegetable crops. 

In general, triazines are pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides particularly effective on annual and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, soybeans, sugar cane, and a host of other fruit and cereal crops. Some have anti-fungicidal properties (e.g., anilazine), and some (e.g., simazine) can be used for... 

The major crops for agrochemical use are cotton, rice, maize, vegetables and top fruit for insecticides small grain cereals, rice, vines and top fruit for fungicides, and maize, soybeans, small grain cereals, rice, industrial weed control, plantations and orchards for herbicides. Other crops that may be of interest include sugar beet, oil-seed rape, potatoes and citrus dependent upon your company s presence in these crops. 

Applications of supercritical fluid extraction and headspace analysis are, however, now creeping in. Thus supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide-methanol has been used to extract 2,4-chlorophenol from crops [231 ], sulfonylurea herbicides from plants [161], and organophosphorus pesticides from fruit and vegetables [226]. 

The agricultural use of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides has clearly reduced crop losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases in the US and throughout the world. The benefits from agricultural pesticides include improved crop yields, greater availability of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and lower consumer costs (Ecobichon, 1996). 

Although simazine was the first triazine to be developed and marketed in corn as well as other crops, the more versatile atrazine quickly became the standard herbicide in corn. Simazine, however, has remained very valuable and is important on forage crops, ornamentals, turf, and several other vegetable, fruit and nut crops, including almond, apple, artichoke, avocado, berries, cherry, citrus, grape, hazelnut, peach, and walnut. There also remains a strong demand for simazine use in corn in some areas based on specific weed pressure. Simazine is manufactured and sold by several companies today in more than 25 countries around the world, with Brazil, the United States, Australia, and Japan ranked as the top four. 

In 2004, terbuthylazine continues to be a major component of herbicide programs in Europe, especially in com. At a country level, the Netherlands treats almost 100% of com, while on the low end, Austria treats 35% of com hectares with terbuthylazine. Approximately 60% of the combined area in corn production in Europe received terbuthylazine, including Germany, Italy, and Belgium. Terbuthylazine is used in more than 45 countries and remains a key weed control tool in crops such as com, sorghum, pea, bean, lupin, grape, pome fruit, citrus, and vine. 

Atrazine and Oil In the western part of the Com Belt and the Great Plains, the agricultural extension service promoted the practice of applying a mixture of a lower rate of atrazine and oil in an early postemergence spray (when weeds hrst appeared). A highly refined crop oil was used, similar to that used in fruit-tree sprays. The practice was adopted extensively, especially in the Northern states to reduce the cost of herbicide treatment and lessen the potential for carryover. 

Producers attempt to eliminate perennial weeds in small fruits with soil fumigation and plastic mulches. In caneberry, low rates of simazine can be used in heavier soils. Caneberry has good crop tolerance to other preemergence herbicides such as oryzalin, napropamide, and pendimethalin, though their weed spectrum may be reduced compared to simazine. 

Uses herbicide to control broadleaf and grass weeds in corn, sugarcane, some citrus fruits, and in noncropland also used as pre-harvest and post-harvest dessicant in potatoes to control crop and weeds. 

Chemical Name 5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil 5-bromo-6-methyl-3-(l-methylpropyl)-2,4-(l//,3//)pyrimidinedione Uses Herbicide applied to soil to control annual and perennial grasses, broadleaf weeds, and general vegetation on uncropped land also used for selective weed control in apple, asparagus, cane fruit, hops, and citrus crops. 

Synonym Compitox, Duplosan, Hedonal, Iso-Cornox, Kilprop, MCPP, Mecopex, Mepro, Methoxone, Propal Chemical Name ( )-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid ( )-2-(4-chloro-otolyl-oxy)propionic acid Uses herbicide for post-emergence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat, barley, rye, herbage seed crops, grassland, and under fruit trees and vines, etc. 

Another example of a trifluoromethyl heteroaryl-containing herbicide is di-thiopyr (Dimension ) [72], Structure-activity studies have demonstrated that a fluorinated alkyl group is required for optimum activity at the 2 and/or 6 positions of the pyridine ring [73], Thiazopyr (Mandate , Visor ), a herbicide related to dithiopyr, was introduced by Monsanto in 1992 and later sold to Rohm and Haas. It is used for the pre-emergence control of annual grass and a few broadleaf weeds in tree fruit, vines, sugar cane, and other crops. 

Paraquat, a bipyridyl quaternary ammonium salt, was introduced by ICI in 1965 (Fig. 3). It is a non-selective, contact herbicide on plant foliage, but is immediately inactivated when applied to soil. It is used in minimum tillage programs and as a postemergence directed spray in sugarcane and in fruit tree crops. 

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