Pesticides, organophosphorus

Different OP compounds have structural similarities within classes. The phosphorus compounds have the characteristic phosphoryl bond, P=0. Most OP compounds have a phosphoryl bond or a thiophosphoryl bond (P=S). All OP compounds are esters of phosphorus with varying combinations of oxygen, carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen attached. These are classified as (1) phosphates (2) phos-phonates (3) phosphorothioates (4) phosphorodithioates (5) phosphorothiolates and (6) phosphoramidates. Further, the OP compounds are categorized as (1) aliphatic (2) phenyl and (3) heterocyclic derivatives. The aliphatic are carbon chainlike in structure. TEPP, which was used in agriculture for the first time in 1946, is a member of this group. Others include malathion, trichlorfon, monocrotophos, dimethoate, oxydemetonmethyl, dimethoate, dicrotophos, disulfoton, dichlorvos, mevinphos, methamidophos, and acephate. [Pg.124]

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deesterifies the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). AChE belongs to a group of enzymes considered serine esterases and has a mechanism similar to that of chymotrypsin. AChE has an anionic binding site that attracts the positively charged quaternary ammonium group of ACh. The serine then attacks and cleaves the ester.910 [Pg.124]

Typically in the nervous system and in a synapse, the movement of muscle is controlled by a nerve. An electrical signal or nerve impulse is controlled by ACh [Pg.124]

Among the best known organophosphorus pesticides are malathion, parathion, schradan and dimefox. [Pg.289]

M. Eto, Organophosphorus Pesticides Organic and Biological Chemist CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1974. [Pg.310]

C. Fest and K-J Schmidt, The Chemistry of Organophosphorus Pesticides 2nd ed., Spriager-Vedag, New York, 1980. [Pg.310]

The application of automated GPC for the clean-up of various matrices has been demonstrated by other authors (58, 59). As well as organophosphorus pesticides, conventional methods for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides (OPCs) in fatty samples may involve various clean-up methods, such as LC or GPC. The main... [Pg.238]

In 1994, Nam and King (68) developed a SFE/SFC/GC instrumentation system for the quantitative analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in fatty food samples (chicken fat, ground beef and lard). In this way, SFC was used as an on-line clean-up step to remove extracted material. The fraction containing pesticide residues is then diverted and analysed by GC. [Pg.242]

B. Structures of Common Organophosphorus Pesticides and Abundant Ions... [Pg.106]

Organophosphorus pesticides, e.g. coumaphos, menazon, maretin, dursban 200 °C, 45 min Induced fluorescence or amplification of natural fluorescence, detection limits 1-80 ng. [21]... [Pg.24]

The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of patulin and other mono-2,4-dinitrophenylhydra-zones form red zones, 2-s c-butyl-4-amino-6-nitrophenol appears as a red-orange zone while dinitrophenols and their esters are colored yellow [14]. A whole range of organophosphorus pesticides do not give any reaction [12]. [Pg.202]

DOT/UN/NA/IMCO shipping Methyl parathion, liquid (DOT) Methyl parathion mixture, dry (DOT) methyl parathion, solid (DOT) UN 3017 organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, flammable, not otherwise specified HSDB 1999 RTECS 1989... [Pg.134]

Methyl parathion was determined in dog and human serum using a benzene extraction procedure followed by GC/FID detection (Braeckman et al. 1980, 1983 DePotter et al. 1978). An alkali flame FID (nitrogen-phosphorus) detector increased the specificity of FID for the organophosphorus pesticides. The detection limit was in the low ppb (pg/L). In a comparison of rat blood and brain tissue samples analyzed by both GC/FPD and GC/FID, Gabica et al. (1971) found that GC/FPD provided better specificity. The minimum detectable level for both techniques was 3.0 ppb, but GC/FPD was more selective. The EPA-recommended method for analysis of low levels (<0.1 ppm) of methyl parathion in tissue, blood, and urine is GC/FPD for phosphorus (EPA 1980d). Methyl parathion is not thermally stable above 120 °C (Keith and Walters 1985). [Pg.175]

Chen MM, Hsueh JE, Sirianni SR, et al. 1981. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges and cell cycle delay in cultured mammalian cells treated with eight organophosphorus pesticides. Mutat Res 88 307-316. [Pg.198]

Das P, John G. 1999. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges and chromosome aberrations in vivo in Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) following exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicol Lett 104 111-116. [Pg.200]

Dean BJ. 1972. The mutagenic effects of organophosphorus pesticides on micro-organisms. Arch Toxicol 30 67-74. [Pg.200]

Degraeve N, Chollet M-C, Moutschen J. 1984b. C5ftogenetic effects induced by organophosphorus pesticides in mouse spermatoc5ftes. Toxicol Lett 21 315-319. [Pg.201]

Durand P, Nicaud JM, Mallevialle J. 1984. Detection of organophosphorus pesticides with an immobilized cholinesterase electrode. J Anal Toxicol 8 112-117. [Pg.202]

Garcia-Repetto R, Martinez D, Repetto M. 1997. Biodisposition study of the organophosphorus pesticide, methyl-parathion. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59 901-908. [Pg.209]

Grover IS, Malhi PK. 1985. Genotoxic effects of some organophosphorus pesticides. I. Induction of micronuclei in bone marrow cells in rat. Mutat Res 155 131-134. [Pg.211]

Izmirova H. 1980. Methods for determination of exposure of agricultural workers to organophosphorus pesticides. In Tordoir WF, Van Heemstra EA, eds. Field worker exposure during pesticide application. New York, NY Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., 169-172. [Pg.214]

Kaur P, Grover IS. 1985a. Cytological effects of some organophosphorus pesticides I. Mitotic effects. Cytologia 50 187-197. [Pg.215]

Laurent C, Jadot P, Chabut C. 1996. Unexpected decrease in cytogenetic biomarkers frequencies observed after increased exposure to organophosphorus pesticides in a production plant. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 68 399-404. [Pg.218]

Le Bel GL, Williams DT, Griffith G, et al. 1979. Isolation and concentration of organophosphorus pesticides from drinking water at the ng/L level, using macroreticular resin. J AOAC 62 241-249. [Pg.218]

Lee H-B, Weng L-D, Chau AS. 1984. Confirmation of pesticide residue identity XI. Organophosphorus pesticides. J AOAC 67 553-556. [Pg.218]

Lino CM, da Silveira MIN. 1992. Organophosphorus pesticide residues in cow s milk Levels of c/s -mevinfos, methyl-parathion, and paraoxon. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49 211-216. [Pg.219]

Marutoiu C, Sarbu C, Vlassa M, et al. 1986. A new separation and identification method of some organophosphorus pesticide by means of temperature programming gradient thin-layer chromatography. Analysis 14 95-98. [Pg.221]

Marutoiu C, Vlassa M, Sarbu C, et al. 1987. Separation and identification of organophosphorus pesticides in water by HPTE. J High Resolution Chromatog Chromatog Comm 19 465-466. [Pg.221]

Nigg HN, Knaak JB. 2000. Blood cholinesterases as human biomarkers of organophosphorus pesticide exposure. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 163 29-112. [Pg.224]

Pope CN, Liu J. 1997. Age-related differences in sensitivity to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 4 309-314. [Pg.226]

Prinsloo SM, De Beer P143R. 1985. Gas chromatographic relative retention data for pesticides on nine packed columns I. Organophosphorus pesticides, using flame photometric detection. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 68 1100-1108. [Pg.227]

Shafik TM, Bradway DE, Enos HR, et al. 1973a. Human exposure to organophosphorus pesticides A modified procedure for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of alkylphosphate metabolites in urine. J Agr Food Chem 21 625-629. [Pg.230]

Shtenberg AI, Dzhunusova RM. 1968. Depression of immunobiological reactivity of animals by some organophosphorus pesticides. Bull Exp Biol Med 65 317-318. [Pg.231]

Stan H-J, Mrowetz D. 1983. Residue analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in food with 2-dimensional gas chromatography using capillary columns and flame photometric detection. J High Resol Chromatog Chromatog Comm 6 255-263. [Pg.232]

Sultatos LG. 1994. Mammalian toxicolgoy of organophosphorus pesticides. J Toxicol Environ Health 43 271-289. [Pg.233]

Thompson HM, Langton SD, Hart ADM. 1995. Prediction of inter-species differences in the toxicity of organophosphorus pesticides to wildlife—a biochemical approach. Comp Biochem Physiol 111C 1-12. [Pg.233]

Fest, C. and Schmidt, K.-J. (1982). Chemistry of the Organophosphorus Pesticides, Springer, Berlin—This and the Eto book are valuable texts on the basic properties of the OP insecticides. [Pg.218]

Organophosphorus pesticides, e.g. coumaphos, menazon, maretin, dursban... [Pg.265]

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