Soil fumigant

Until It was banned in the United States in 1984 1 2 di bromoethane (ethylene dibromide orEDB)waspro duced on a large scale for use as a pesticide and soil fumigant... 

Soil conditioning Soil disinfectant Soil flushing Soil fumigants Soiling of fabrics Soil modification Soil pesticides Soil remediation Soils... 

Halogenation of nitromethane is utilized to produce two economically important pesticides, chloropicrin [76-06-2J, a soil fumigant, and bronopol, a biocide useful for control of microbial growth in cosmetics and industrial appHcations. 

Pesticide type H = herbicide I = insecticide SF = soil fumigate F = fungicide and N = nematicide. 

The primary use for methyl bromide is in the extermination of insect and rodent pests. Methyl bromide is used in space and stmctural fumigation except in California. The material is suitable for the fumigation of food commodities such as dried fmits, grain, flour, and nuts, and the faciHties in which these foods are processed or stored, as weU as for tobacco and many kinds of nursery stock. The usual dosage is 2—4 kg/28 m for 12—24 h. In soil fumigation methyl bromide controls weed seeds, nematodes, wireworms, and soil fungi. The usual dosage is 0.5—1 kg/9 m for 24 h at 16°C and above (82). 

About 10% is marketed ia elemental form. Eighteen percent is converted to ethylene dibromide [106-93 ] for use ia gasoline and 30% is used ia fire retardants. Fifteen percent is used as a soil fumigant methyl bromide [74-83-9]. Other commercial forms are alkaU metal bromides, ammonium bromide [12124-97-9] and hydrobromic acid [10035-10-6],... 

The dkect high temperature chlorination of propylene continues to be the primary route for the commercial production of aHyl chloride. The reaction results in aHyl chloride selectivities of 75—80% from propylene and about 75% from chlorine. Additionally, a significant by-product of this reaction, 1,3-dichloropropene, finds commercial use as an effective nematocide when used in soil fumigation. Overall efficiency of propylene and chlorine use thus is significantly increased. Remaining by-products include 1,2-dichloropropane, 2-chloropropene, and 2-chloropropane. 

Carbofuran 0.04 0.04 Problems with blood or nervous system reproductive difficulties. Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa... 

The major by-products are cis- and trans- 1,3-dichloropropene, which are used as soil fumigants. 

Some employees making a soil fumigant (DBCP) became... 

In the evaluation of ethylene dibromide as a soil fumigant, a sensitive procedure was needed for determining concentrations lower than 0.2 mg. per cubic inch in soil. When the method of Brenner and Poland was used, addition of a small quantity of acetic acid considerably increased the percentage of ethylene dibromide recovered. 

Used industrially as an intermediate in organic synthesis and for production of retardants and in agriculture as a soil fumigant. 

Gonzales-Torres R, Melero-Vara JM, Gomez-Vazquez J, Jimenez-Diaz RM (1993) The effects of soil solarization and soil fumigation on Fusarium wilt of watermelon grown in plastic houses in south-eastern Spain. Plant Pathol 42 858-864... 

Ruzo LO (2006) Physical, chemical and environmental properties of selected chemical alternatives for the pre-plant use of methyl bromide as soil fumigant. Pest Manage Sci 62 99-113. doi 10.1002/ps,1135... 

These days, allelopathic plants as catch crops or trap crops found utilization in plant protection of tropical regions against parasitic weeds. They do not eliminate the parasite completely but decrease the seed bank in the soil. Other applications of allelopathy for weed control include the use of plant residues as a natural herbicide agent, e.g., water extracts, pellets, flours, by-products of crop processing, etc. The strategies for use of volatile compounds as soil fumigants are developed. 

Kerwin et al. [41] determined methyl bromide soil fumigant by cyrotrapping and electron capture gas chromatography. Down to 0.23pM of methyl bromide could be detected by this procedure. Kerwin et al. [41] found levels of methyl bromide in the stratosphere and claimed that this contributed to ozone destruction. 

Methyl bromide is presently the most important preplanting soil fumigant commercially available [402]. This compound is used extensively in the United States... 

Fergusion W, Padula A (1994) Economic effects of banning methyl bromide for soil fumigation. USDA Economic Research Service Agricultural Economic Report 677, USDA, Beltville, MD... 

Soil fumigation is the primary use of bromomethane in the United States, accounting for approximately 65% of total consumption (EPA 1989c lARC 1986). Based on reported production for 1984 (43 million pounds), this would be about 28 million pounds/year. However, as discussed in Section 5.3.1, most bromomethane will tend to evaporate from the soil within 1-2 days, so soil contamination is normally not persistent. No industrial releases of bromomethane to soil were reported for 1987 (TRI 1989 see Table 5-1), and bromomethane has not been detected in soils or sediments at 455 hazardous waste sites, including 99 NPL sites (CLPSD 1989). 

The main sources of 1,2-dibromoethane release to soils appear to be the historical use of the compound as a soil fumigant and land disposal of wastes containing the compound. 

Basile M. 1981. [Bromine residues in strawberries produced on soil fumigated with ethylene dibromide (EDB)]. Inf Tore Fitopatol 29 11-14. (Italian)... 

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