Fruit herbicides

CgH,3BrN202. A soil-acting herbicide. White crystalline solid, m.p. 158-159" C. It is a non-selective inhibitor of photosynthesis used for weed control In citrus and cane fruit plantations. It is relatively non-toxic to animal life. 

Residual pendimethalin in various crops was determined as follows." A 10-20-g amount of fruits or vegetables was extracted by blending twice with 200 mL of methanol. Grasses and mint were extracted with 200 mL of methanol-water (1 1, v/v). Nuts were extracted with 200 mL of n-hexane-2-propanol (3 1, v/v). For the residue analysis of the dinitroaniline herbicides butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, and trifluralin, a tomato sample (5 g) was extracted twice with 20 mL of methanol in a Sorvall homogenizer and filtered through filter paper. Benfluralin and trifluralin residues in the sample (10 g) were extracted with 100 mL of acetonitrile-water (99 1, v/v) in 250-mL screw-cap jars with Teflon liners rotated for 1 h on an end-over-end shaker (40 rpm). ... 

In general, triazines are pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides particularly effective on annual and perennial broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, cotton, soybeans, sugar cane, and a host of other fruit and cereal crops. Some have anti-fungicidal properties (e.g., anilazine), and some (e.g., simazine) can be used for... 

Most dynamic factors that affect fruit quality are agronomic practices that can be changed by farmers over relatively short time spans. They are mainly related to fertility management and crop protection and other husbandry interventions and inputs such as pesticides, fertilisers, herbicides, thinning agents and so on. The permitted tools for these activities, however, differ greatly between conventional and organic fruit production. The consequences... 

Weed competition for water and nutrients can have similar effects on fruit quality as described above for fertilisation. For example, if weed competition is completely prevented by chemosynthetic herbicides in conventional production, this can lead to excess supply of certain mineral nutrients, in particular nitrogen and potassium, which in turn results in reduced sensory quality and shelf-life (Section 16.2.2). On the other hand, excessive weed competition, in particular, during the pre-bloom phase and the end of the first shoot growth period (Gut and Weibel, 2005), can induce nutrient and/or water deficiency and a risk of quality loss. 

Solarization demonstrated to be an effective and inexpensive herbicidal treatment also in nursery beds (Patel et al. 1995 Eleftherohorinos and Giannopolitis 1999 Kumar and Sharma 2005), containerized soil and potting mixes (Stapleton et al. 2002), and even in newly established fruit orchards (Abu-Irmaileh 1994). 

Packing of wine, water, fruit juices, tomato puree ( bag in box ) Packing of fertilizers and herbicides Packing for cooked meat... 

Uses Dormant ovicidal spray for fruit trees (highly phototoxic and cannot be used successfully on actively growing plants) selective herbicide and insecticide. 

The major crops for agrochemical use are cotton, rice, maize, vegetables and top fruit for insecticides small grain cereals, rice, vines and top fruit for fungicides, and maize, soybeans, small grain cereals, rice, industrial weed control, plantations and orchards for herbicides. Other crops that may be of interest include sugar beet, oil-seed rape, potatoes and citrus dependent upon your company s presence in these crops. 

In the United States, farmers use about 100 million pounds of fungicides annually, meaning fungicides rank third after herbicides and insecticides in the amounts used. An example of a fungicide is thiram, widely used on fruits and vegetables and shown in Figure 15-23. 

Arsenic trioxide finds major use in the preparation of other compounds, notably those used in agricultural applications, The compounds monosodium methylarsonate. disodium methylarsonate, methane arsenic acid (cacodylic acid) are used for weed control, while arsenic acid, H3ASO4, is used as a desiccant for the defoliation of cotton crops, Other compounds once widely used in agriculture are calcium arsenate for control of boll weevils, lead arsenate as a pesticide for fruit crops, and sodium arsenite as a herbicide and for cattle and sheep dip. In some areas, arsenilic acid has been used as a feed additive for swine and poultry. Restrictions on these compounds vary from one country and region to the next. 

Genetically engineered food crops have been developed to resist pests and disease and to tolerate chemical herbicides exhibit improved fond processing iraits exhibit improved nutritional content resist adverse soil and weather conditions and to exhibit improved fruit rijiening or softening, texture, or flavor. 

Applications of supercritical fluid extraction and headspace analysis are, however, now creeping in. Thus supercritical fluid extraction with carbon dioxide-methanol has been used to extract 2,4-chlorophenol from crops [231 ], sulfonylurea herbicides from plants [161], and organophosphorus pesticides from fruit and vegetables [226]. 

The agricultural use of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides has clearly reduced crop losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases in the US and throughout the world. The benefits from agricultural pesticides include improved crop yields, greater availability of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and lower consumer costs (Ecobichon, 1996). 

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