Fruits, pome

It is well known that apple seeds and the seeds of other pomes and stone fruit contain certain cyanogen compounds such as amygdalin which. 

The white star apple is an edible tropical fruit. The seeds were investigated by Adjewole and Adeyeye (1991) as a possible source of oil for edible and/or industrial purposes. These investigators concluded that further research on the seed oil could lead to the star apple tree being turned into an economic tree of the future. They report the following seed weight is 1.4-2.5g kernel is 66% of seed and oil content of kernel is 16.6% on dry basis. The fatty acid composition (Table 7.9) of star apple differs from that of regular apples in that linoleic and oleic acids are present in equal amounts at about 36% each, and palmitic acid at 20% is more than three times that of regular apples. Further research may show that star apple seed can yield a relatively stable all-purpose edible oil. 

---

R. solani on vegetables, Sclerotium rolfsii on peanuts, Gymno-sporangium spp. on pome fruit, R. solani and... 

Mepanipyrim is a nonsystemic fungicide to control gray mould on vines, tomatoes, etc., and scabs on pome fruits. 

Use pattern Tebuconazole is a broad-spectrum triazole fungicide which provides protective and, in some cases, curative activity on a wide variety of crops including cereal grains, peanuts, grapes, bananas, pome fruit, stone fruit, nuts, and vegetables... 

Air, water, soil, and plant (pasture grass hay, forage, cucurbits, citrus, pome fruit, tree nuts, fruiting vegetables, and cotton) and animal materials (tissues, milk, blood,... 

Citrus, pome fruit, tree nut, fruiting vegetables, and cotton substrates... 

The average recoveries and standard deviations for the many citrus, pome fruit, tree nut, fruiting vegetables, and cotton substrate sample types were acceptable when fortified at concentration levels ranging from 0.01 to 4 mg kg. The LOQ of the method was 0.01 mgkg , except for citrus oil (0.02mgkg Q, and the LOD was 1.25 ng injected. 

Use pattern Hexythiazox is a thiazolidinone acaricide which has ovicidal, larvicidal and nymphicidal activities against many kinds of phytophagous mites infesting pome fruits, stone fruits, citrus, vegetables and other food crops. On these mites, hexythiazox works by both contact and stomach action... 

Cabbage, cantaloupe, cauliflower, citrus fruit, cottonseed, cucumber, mustard greens, nutmeats, pome fruit, stone fruit, summer squash, tomatoes, soil, and water Gas chromatograph with nitrogen-phosphorus detector... 

Pome Fruit Types. As with citrus fruit types, the method of sample preparation was modified for the parathion studies. In the earlier studies the DDT-treated apples and pears were scrubbed in a warm 10% solution of trisodium phosphate, and all the peel was removed from the water-rinsed fruit with a household-type potato peeler. The pooled samples of peel and pulp were then processed independently to recover the contained toxicant for subsequent estimation. 

Pruning of pome fruit crops will lead to DFR levels comparable to those for stone fruit crops therefore, a common database for both crop groups (for tree fruits) should be compiled. Further generic sets may be developed for fruit vegetables, grapes, and ornamentals. 

Croft, B.A., S.C. Hoyt, and RH. Westigard. 1987. Spider mite management on pome fruits revisited organotin and acaracide resistance management. Jour. Econ. Entomol. 80 304-311. 

NTAs see Inglesfield [63], which includes a helpful overview by representative crop types (e.g., cereals, pome fruit, cotton, etc.). 

Ehynchosporium secalis leaf scald of barley brown rot of pome fruit... 

Moller, B. and Herrmann, K. 1983. Quinic acid esters of hydroxycinnamic acids in stone and pome fruit Phytochemistry 22 477-481. 

Some fruit types (e.g. pome fruits such as apples and peal s) require mechanical treatment (milling) coupled with a biochemical process (involving enzymes) to break down the cellular structure and obtain best yields. It is possible to achieve almost total hquefaction by means of an appropriate enzyme cocktail. 

Many of the commercial fruit varieties popular in the Western world have been developed from specimens whose origins can be traced back to regions east of the Mediterranean, where stone fruits (such as peach, apricot and cherry) and pome fruits (such as apple and pear) grew in fertile surroundings and became part of the staple diet of the inhabitants. 

In citrus fruits, where the outer skin or epicarp is a composite structure containing certain flavouring substances, it would be detrimental to juice quality if the fruit were subjected to direct pressure as is the case with the fleshy fruits, that is, soft fruits, pome fruits and stone fruits. Stone fruits, before being processed for juice separation, must first be separated from their stones, or pits, in order to facilitate ease of handling and to avoid unwanted notes in the finished... 

Amylases. In the case of pome fruits other enzyme activities are sometimes required. When fruit has been picked before maturity and then ripened under controlled atmospheric conditions in a cool store, there is a likelihood of starch retention originating from the unripe fruit. This starch can become gelatinised during juice processing and can give rise to precipitation and haze effects in the final product. Amylases are used here to break down any residual starch and overcome such problems. 

In 2004, terbuthylazine continues to be a major component of herbicide programs in Europe, especially in com. At a country level, the Netherlands treats almost 100% of com, while on the low end, Austria treats 35% of com hectares with terbuthylazine. Approximately 60% of the combined area in corn production in Europe received terbuthylazine, including Germany, Italy, and Belgium. Terbuthylazine is used in more than 45 countries and remains a key weed control tool in crops such as com, sorghum, pea, bean, lupin, grape, pome fruit, citrus, and vine. 

Benson, N.R. and E.S. Degman (1961). The use of herbicides around nonbearing pome fruit trees. Proc. Soc. Hortic. Sci., 78 46-52. Bould, C., H.M. Hughes, and E. Gunn (1972). Effects of soil management and NPK fertilizers on tree growth, yield and leaf nutrient composition of dessert apples. Exp. Hortic., 24 25-36. 

Uses herbicide for pre-emergence control of annual grasses and some broadleaf weeds in cotton, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, vegetables, capsicums, okra, soybeans, groundnuts, tobacco, pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, bush fruit, strawberries, forestry nurseries, and ornamental plants, shrubs, and trees. 

Synonym Bayer 37344, Draza, Ensurol, Mercaptodimethur, Mesurol, Mesurol Phenol, metmercapturon Chemical Name 4-methylthio-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate 3,5-di methyl-4-(methylthio)phenol methylcarbamate Uses Insecticide/Acaricide/Molluscicide/Repellent to control slugs and snails in a wide range of agricultural situations broad range control of lepidoptera, coleoptera, diptera, and homoptera and spider mites in pome fruit, stone fruit, citrus fruit, strawberries, hops, potatoes, beet, maize, oilseed rape, vegetables and ornamentals also used as a bird repellent. 

Uses insecticide to control aphids, scale insects, jassids, lepidopterous larvae, bollworms, mealybugs, psyllids, thrips, spider mites, etc. in citrus fruit, pome fruit, olives, cotton, cereals, rice, coffee, tea, sunflower, sugar cane, tobacco, ornamentals, and vegetables also used as acaricide and for control of mosquito larvae. 

Uses as fungicide for control of powdery mildews in pome fruit, strawberries, vines, cucurbits, roses, and beet also for control of scab on pome fruit, brown patch and snow mold of turf. 

Uses as fungicide for control of pathogenic Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (especially powdery mildews) on vines, cucurbits, pome fruit, ornamentals and vegetables. 

We have earlier discussed the pyrethroid area of insecticides. A number of ester and non-ester pyrethroid insecticides have incorporated the difluoromethoxy group as a means of widening their biological activity to the control of mites [115], Flucythrinate (Cybolt , Cythrin , Pay-Off ) [116] provides control of a variety of sucking insects, beetles, and lepidoptera in cotton and pome fruits. Later, a close analog, flubrocythrinate, was commercialized [117]. 

---