Fruit crops

Dennehy, T. J. Hoffman, C. J. Nyrop, J. P. Saunders, M. C. In Monitoring and Integrated Management of Arthropod Pests of Small Fruit Crops, Intercept London, 1990 pp. 261-282. 

The least hardy fruit producers showed marked reductions in fruit production and significant leaf losses. In addition up to 20% of the trees were killed outright by the frost. The susceptible populations were either killed outright (up to 82%) or failed to produce any fruit crops and were generally defoliated. 

We can compare the incomplete formation of a chemical product with the process of harvesting. When a farmer harvests a fruit crop, some of the fruit is left on the trees. Some may spill off the truck on the way to market. Some of the fruit may be unsuitable for sale. The result is that less than 100% of the potential crop eventually finds its way to market. Likewise, a synthetic chemist loses some of the potential product of a reaction at each step in the preparation. 

Alkylenebis(dithiocarbamates) compounds, known also as ethylenebisdithiocarba-mates (EBDCs), are nonsystemic, low-toxicity pesticides with strong and broad fungicide activity on plant diseases. Developed by Rohm and Haas and E. I. du Pont de Nemours, they are used to protect vegetables and fruit crops. 

Pruning of pome fruit crops will lead to DFR levels comparable to those for stone fruit crops therefore, a common database for both crop groups (for tree fruits) should be compiled. Further generic sets may be developed for fruit vegetables, grapes, and ornamentals. 

Grapes are one of the few fruit crops that contain a significant amount of the weak organic acid known as tartaric acid, HOOC-(CHOH)2-COOH. More than half of the acid content of wine is ascribed to tartaric acid. As a weak acid, tartaric acid partially ionizes in water to yield the bitartrate or hydrogen tartrate ion ... 

Soil-applied pesticides have been successfully used to control soilbome diseases, weeds, and nematodes in most vegetable and fruit crops over the past decades. Toxicity of these materials to animals and humans and their environmental and economic costs (Pimentel et al. 1992 Ruzo 2006) raised serious environmental and human safety concerns, leading to the phase-out of the most effective and largely used chemical, the methyl bromide (Luken and Grof 2006), and the increasing restrictions on the applications of available pesticides (Perkins and Patterson 1997). The limited availability of chemicals resulted in an increased emphasis on... 

In India some of the early work was toward refinement of spraying to control leaf rust and the researchers started their studies with strong Bordeaux sprays. Munro and Sandararaman showed (46) that uncontrolled leaf disease reduced the coffee harvest very seriously, but that although 10-10-50 Bordeaux materially controlled the disease it depressed the fruit crop. With Bordeaux of formulas 5-5-50 or 2 -2 -50, the crop increase was one half to one third more than that produced under 10-10-50 Bordeaux or under no spray. 

The best approach to maintaining healthy fruit crops is to make regular checks on how plants are growing. In this way, signs of any problems are seen early on, and can be dealt with before they become serious. Incipient infections can often be pinched or pruned out and pest colonies dispatched with a swipe of the thumb. 

Uses Contact and stomach insecticide with slight systemic properties used against Alticinae, Cicadellidae, Coleoptera, Dermateptera, Jassidae, Lepidoptera, Miridae, Tipula spp. cotton, vegetables, and fruit crops (Worthing and Hance, 1991). 

US Department of Agriculture and was licensed to agricultural film manufacturer SONOCO in 1996, and is sold for use on a variety of fruit crops. ... 

Papaya is a native fruit from America and is widely planted throughout the tropics [41], and is a crop of economic importance to tropical countries [11]. It has become a commercially important fresh fruit crop, particularly in the USA and Europe [51]. Papaya possesses a characteristic aroma, which is due to several volatile components, such as alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and sulfur compounds [11]. 

Arsenic trioxide finds major use in the preparation of other compounds, notably those used in agricultural applications, The compounds monosodium methylarsonate. disodium methylarsonate, methane arsenic acid (cacodylic acid) are used for weed control, while arsenic acid, H3ASO4, is used as a desiccant for the defoliation of cotton crops, Other compounds once widely used in agriculture are calcium arsenate for control of boll weevils, lead arsenate as a pesticide for fruit crops, and sodium arsenite as a herbicide and for cattle and sheep dip. In some areas, arsenilic acid has been used as a feed additive for swine and poultry. Restrictions on these compounds vary from one country and region to the next. 

Pyrethroid Esters of Benzene Acetate. These insecticides have more extensive structural optimization in both acid and alcohol moieties. Fenvalerate [51630-58-1]y 0t-cyano-(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl (+)-(2R,T)-a-isopropyl-4-chlorophenylacetate (24) (d 1.17, vp 1.4 J,Pa at 25°C), a mixture of four isomers, is soluble in water to 0.3 mg/L The rat oral LD ( is 450 mg/kg. Esfenvalerate [66230-04-4] is the (+)-2-(3, 3)-isomer (mp 59°C). The rat LD5Qs are 75, 458 (oral), and the rabbit dermal LD50 is 2000 mg/kg. These pyrethroids are widely used general-purpose insecticides for field, vegetable, and fruit crops. 

The metabolism of triazine herbicides in plants is very complex and involves a variety of biological reactions. The most active crops metabolically include com, cotton, soybean, sugarcane, and wheat. Less complex metabolic pathways have been observed in citrus and various fruit crops. 

Finally, certain triazine herbicides can be used selectively in orchards and in some horticultural crops. In this case, selectivity is not based only on physiological differences between species, but on physical selectivity associated with the location of the herbicide and the roots of the crop and weed species in the soil. Triazine herbicides such as simazine, which has very low solubility in water, remain close to the soil surface in most mineral soils. Careful application of simazine in horticultural or fruit crops can result in the herbicide being available to control shallow-rooted weed species without harming the deeper-rooted perennial species. The success of this use is dependent not only on the relative rooting depths of the tolerant and susceptible species, but also on soil conditions and other factors that may affect herbicide fate and movement. 

Castle, W.S. (1987). Citrus rootstocks. In R.C. Rom and R.F. Calson, eds., Rootstocks for Fruit Crops. New York John Wiley Sons,... 

Deciduous fruit plants that lose their leaves each winter and become dormant include apple, pear, peach, prune, plum, cherry, apricot, fig, grape, bramble, and bush fruits. The deciduous nut crops include principally walnut, almond, pecan, pistachio, and hazelnut (filbert). Nearly 11 million tons (10 million metric tons) of fruit come from deciduous plants grown in 43 states in the United States. In 1998 in California alone, 8.9 million tons (8.1 metric tons) of fruits and nuts were harvested (Olds, 1998). Strawberry and pineapple, though not deciduous fruits, are included in this chapter because of triazine use on fruit crops. The major growing areas for the United States are shown in Table 17.1, and these same crops are grown in many countries throughout the world. 

Table 17.1 Examples of fruit crops grown in different regions of the United States...

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