Food composition

Adapted from Michelle McGuire and Kathy A. Beetman Table of Food Composition for Nutritional Sciences From Fundamentals to Food. Thomson Wadsworth. Belmont CA, 2007. 

Aluminum Foil. Studies of various foods wrapped in aluminum foil show that food products to which aluminum offers only fair resistance cause little or no corrosion when the foil is in contact with a nonmetallic object (glass, plastic, ceramic, etc.) The reactions, when found, are essentially chemical, and the effect on the foil is insignificant. However, when the same foods are wrapped or covered with foil that is in contact with another metallic object (steel, tinplate, silver, etc.), an electrochemical or galvanic reaction occurs with aluminum acting as the sacrificial anode. In such cases, there is pitting corrosion of the foil, and the severity of the attack depends primarily on the food composition and the exposure time and temperature. Results obtained with various foods cov-... 

USDA Food Composition Data (database on the Internet), Nutrient Data Laboratory. Beltsville, MD, Release 19, http //www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm docid=5121, 2006. 

Despite the ubiquitous distribution of chlorophylls in all photosynthetic plants, quantitative information exists only for a few vegetables. The most common edible plants lack definitive data and consequently no information is available about chlorophyll distribution in current food composition tables. Still more difficult is to find analytical data in literature about the individual amounts of chlorophyll a and b and their respective derivatives. 

Many countries have food composition databases but only a few present the compositions of some carotenoids. The U.S. Department of Agriculture s NCC Carotenoid Database covers 215 foods and cites levels of a-carotene, P-carotene, lycopene, P-cryptoxanthin, lutein plus zeaxanthin, and also zeaxanthin in a more limited number of foods. An electronic version of this database is available at http //www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata. 

Solid microcapsules using maltodextrins or starch as matrices were incorporated into cosmetic, pharmaceutical, dietetic, and food compositions using the interfacial crosslinking of flavonoids. Such microcapsules prevented discoloration while maintaining both the anti-free radical and antioxidant activities of the flavonoids." ... 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) released certified standard materials of a baby food composite (SRM 2383) and an infant formula (SRM 1846) containing carotenoids however, the relative uncertainties of certified values are considerably high, ranging Irom 20% for P-carotene (cis + trans) to 28% for lutein (including esters) and to a 47% for free lutein reference value in SRM 2383. ... 

A representative sampling that reflects a food sample should be planned. In the case of analysis for the Food Composition Database, nationwide composite samples should be prepared. Consideration should be given, among other factors, to the major regions of the country, the different brands of processed foods available, and consumption in industrial and rural areas. ... 

In recent years, the methods for carotenoid determination without saponification have increased. Independently of the mobile phase and food composition, there are similar patterns of chromatographic separation on reversed phase columns. A chromatograph can be divided roughly into four zones the first zone corresponds to free xanthophyUs, the second zone to monoesterified pigments, the third zone contains carotenes, and finally the fourth zone corresponds to diesterified carotenoids. - ... 

Sharpless, K.E. et al., Valne assignment of retinol, retinyl palmitate, tocopherol, and carotenoid concentrations in standard reference material 2383 (baby food composite), J. AOAC Int., 82, 288, 1999. 

In this phase of the risk assessment, the validity and reliability of conclusions and advice to risk managers depend on the quality, reliability, and relevance of available exposure data. Therefore it is necessary to (1) critically review the facts from food composition tables and the reasons for differences reported by and within countries, (2) consider the way foods are categorized and thus made comparable (or not) in food consumption surveys, and (3) explore how to refine assessments as more information becomes available. ... 

Sharpless KE, Gill LM, Margolis SA, Wise SA, Elkins E (1999) Preparation of standard reference material 2383 (baby food composite) and use of an interlaboratory comparison exercise for value assignment of its nutrient concentrations. J AOAC Inti 82 276-287. 

Vitamins and Other Nutrients in Food Matrices see also Section 6.3. Food matrices are available with values assigned for vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids, cholesterol, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and hormone residues. The NIST food matrix SRMs for vitamins include coconut oil (SRM 1563), infant formula (SRM 1846), and baby food composite (SRM 2383) (particularly for carotenoids). Fatty acids and cholesterol are the primary analytes of interest in meat homogenate (SRM 1546) and diet... 

Because of the great diversity of phytochemicals in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices, only the major structural classes in the most common food plants, have been selected for discussion (see below and Figs. 15.2 and 15.3, for example, phytochemicals). These are also the phytochemicals for which there is generally the greatest information on food composition and health effects. 

P. Cok, B. De Bernard, M.P. Radillo, F. Francescato, Synoptic Food Composition Tables, Edizioni Piccini, Padova, 1986. 

Davis DR, Epp MD and Riordan HD. 2004. Changes in USDA food composition data for 43 garden crops, 1950 to 1999. J Am Coll Nutr 23 669-682. 

The consumption of flavonoids in different populations is variable, and in many cases the amount is underestimated because calculations are derived from the analysis of few foods or because of the lack of proper food composition tables in the countries (Sarria, 2004 Nijvelt and others 2001). Chun and others (2007) estimated the consumption of flavonoids by adults in the US as 189.7 mg/day. This value was much higher than those reported by other authors for the same population as well as for other countries such as Denmark (23 16 mg/day), Finland (3.4-24 mg/day), Netherlands (23 mg/day), and Japan (63 mg/day)(Chun and others 2007). Johannot and Somerset (2006) estimated the ingestion of flavonoids for an Australian population (n = 13,858) at around 351 mg/day. They found that tea was typically the main source of flavonoids. Although it was observed that the types of flavonoids and their sources varied according to age, these authors noted that it is necessary to carry out more research with more consistent methodologies to validate the ingestion of specific flavonoids and to facilitate the international comparison. 

The effectiveness of bacteriocins is often a function of environmental factors such as pH, temperature, food composition, structure, and food microflora (De Vuyst and Leroy 2007). A novel bacteriocin-like substance produced by Bacillus licheniformis P40 inhibits the activity of the soft rot bacterium Envinia carotovora. This compound caused a bactericidal effect on the pathogen cells at a 30 p.g/mL concentration (Cladera-Olivera and others 2006). 

Fisher, N.S. and J. L Teyssie. 1986. Influence of food composition on the biokinetics and tissue distribution of zinc and americium in mussels. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 28 197-207. 

Ophel, I. L, and J.M. Judd. 1976. Strontium and calcium accumulation in fish as affected by food composition. Pages 221-225 in C.E. Cushing (ed.). Radioecology and Energy Resources. Proceedings of the Fourth National Symposium on Radioecology, 12-14 May 1975, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR. Ecol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Publ. No. 1. 

Escriche, I., Fuentes, C., Gonzalez, C., and Chiralt, A. 2001b. Development of medium volatility compounds in Machego type cheese as affected by salt content and salting method. J. Food Composition Anal. 13, 827-836. 

Wang, W.-X. and Fisher, N. S. (1996). Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis. effects of food composition, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 197-207. 

The diet treatments were level of phytate intake, either 0.2 or 2.0 g/day. Each level was consumed for 15 days, three consecutive repeats of the 5-day menu cycle. To provide 2.0 g/day of phytic acid, 36 g of wheat bran was baked into 6 muffins and two muffins were eaten each meal. Dephytinized bran was prepared by incubating the bran in water and allowing the endogenous phytase to hydrolyze the phytate, then the entire incubation mixture was freeze-dried (4) and 36 g baked into 6 muffins. Thus, the intake of all nutrients and neutral detergent fiber was the same for both phytate intakes. Five subjects consumed the whole bran muffins for 15 days followed by the dephytinized bran muffins for 15 days and the other 5 subjects in the reverse order. Brilliant blue dye was given at breakfast on the first day of each collection period to aid in demarcation of stools. Stool composites were made for days 1-5, 6-15, 16-20 and 21-30 and urine composites for days 6-15, and 21-30. Daily food composites were made, homogenized, freeze-dried and then analyzed to determine mineral nutrient intakes. 

Bulk liquids from the self-chosen diets of the volunteers in HS-II and HS-III have not been analyzed, however, milk was included with the 2nd plate food composites. Table IV is a summary of the distribution of calcium in the self-chosen food composites. Final... 

According to food composition tables, the diets used in the study provided an adequate intake of the essential nutrients. Each day, an exact amount of each food served the subjects was saved for analysis of nitrogen, calcium, and sulfur (as sulfate). The results for these elements agreed with those in the literature. These results indicated that during the soy diet, mean intakes were 78.5 g protein, 456 mg calcium, and 2305 mg. of sulfur. Intakes in the meat period were within 37o of those of the soy period. 

PCDDs and PCDFs in fresh food composites grown in Ontario, Canada. Chemosphere 17(2) 263-276. 

Disulfoton was detected in 1 of 360 food composites collected from different locations in the United States in fiscal year 1969. The positive sample was a composite of leafy vegetables collected from Boston, Massachusetts, that contained 2 pg/kg of disulfoton (Corneliussen 1970). From this data, the... 

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a technique based on absorption and reflectance of monochromatographic radiation by samples over a wavelength range of 400-2500 run, has been successfully applied for food composition analysis, for food quality assessment, and in pharmaceutical production control. NIRS can be used to differentiate various samples via pattern recognitions. The technique is fast and nondestructive method that does not require sample preparation and is very simple to use compared too many other analytical methods such as HPLC. The drawback of NIRS, however, is that the instrument has to be calibrated using a set of samples typically 20-50 with known analyte concentrations obtained by suitable reference methods such as FIPLC in order to be used for quantitative analyses. Simultaneous quantification of the... 

Calculate the amounts of the major components of the food (carbohydrate, fat, protein, including alcohol) ingested, from knowledge of the composition of the meal (obtained from information provided on the package of the food item or from food composition tables). 

Aguilera, A. Brotons, M. Rodriguez, M. Valverde, A. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Pesticides from a Table-Ready Food Composite of Plant Origin (Gazpacho). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 5616-5621. 

Among the several pnrposes of food analysis, the two main objectives are to verify authenticity and quality of food. The latter may be applied both in the evaluation of nutritional value (in this case, quantitative data are mandatory) and peculiar characteristics (age, applied technology, origin, etc.). In any case, useful information can be obtained as thorough knowledge of food composition is available. 

R.W. Dabeka, A.D. McKenzie, Survey of lead, cadmium, fluoride, nickel, and cobalt in food composites and estimation of dietary intakes of these elements by Canadians in 1986-1988, J. AOAC Int. 78 (1995) 897-909. 

To ensure comprehensive coverage of foods and relevant flavonoids, compilation of the flavonoid composition database followed a preset development profile (Figure 4.1). This was a multistage process that evolved from a review of two major food composition data-bases" and from other early stage nutrient bases such as those for vitamin and... 

To ensure compatibility with the Royal Society of Chemistry s food composition tables, predetermined screening procedures were used (Table 4.6), which were derived from those outlined for the nutrient tables." All publications and reports on flavonoid content of foods were subsequently evaluated employing the screening procedures (Table 4.6). In brief, inclusion criteria were (a) randomly selected food items purchased from various commercial outlets during different seasons of the year, (b) food samples prepared using normal domestic... 

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