Flame retardants chlorinated paraffin

Keywords Brominated flame retardants Chlorinated paraffins ... 

Alnminnm hydroxide (also known as alumina trihydrate) Bromine-containing flame retardant Chlorinated paraffin wax Decabromodiphenyl oxide... 

Flame retardants chlorinated paraffins, antimony oxide... 

When there is insufficient chlorine available in the rubber compound to improve flame retardancy, chlorinated paraffins are sometimes added as a relatively inexpensive source of halogen. CP also functions as a plasticizer in rubber compounding. Chlorinated paraffins decompose into toxic gases at lower temperatures than other more stable chlorine donors that are commercially available. Therefore chlorinated paraffins cannot be used in rubber compound mixes that are going to be exposed to high mixing dump temperatures because they will emit toxic gases in the workplace, which pose a hazard to workers In the factory. 

Hexabromobiphenyl flame retardant, inks Paraffin, chlorinated flame retardant, insulation Molybdenum trioxide flame retardant, insulation felts Melamine borate... 

Flame retardants are required for high-performance thermoplastic resins because of the use of the resins in electrical and high-temperature applications. Numerous chemicals are used as flame retardants. Chlorine-and bromine-containing aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and aromatic compounds are the most widely used. Others are antimony trioxide, aluminum hydrate and chlor-paraffins. A more fire-resistant epoxy resin can be produced by bromating bisphenol A in epoxy resins to tetrabromobisphenol A. 

Flame retardants chlorinated and brominated compounds, chlorinated paraffins... 

Cblorina.ted Pa.ra.ffins, The term chlotinated paraffins covers a variety of compositions. The prime variables are molecular weight of the starting paraffin and the chlorine content of the final product. Typical products contain from 12—24 carbons and from 40—70 wt % chlorine. Liquid chlotinated paraffins are used as plasticizers (qv) and flame retardants ia paint (qv) and PVC formulations. The soHd materials are used as additive flame retardants ia a variety of thermoplastics. In this use, they are combiaed with antimony oxide which acts as a synergist. Thermal stabilizers, such as those used ia PVC (see vinyl polymers), must be used to overcome the inherent thermal iastabiUty. 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

Flame retardants such as a-alumina trihydrate [14762-49-3] can be added to latex-based foamed carpet backing a combination of antimony oxide [1309-64-4] and chlorinated paraffins is used in dry mbber. 

Antimony trioxide and chlorinated paraffinic derivatives are common materials used as fire retardants, as are intumescent zinc (or calcium) borate, aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide. These inorganic materials, used as bulk fillers, act to reduce the fire hazard. Halogenated materials release chlorine, which then combines with the antimony trioxide to form the trichloride, which is a flame suppressant. 

Sometimes, addition of plasticizer imparts flame retardant characteristics in addition to other properties. Phosphate esters such as tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate (TOP), tricresyl phosphate (TCP), chlorinated paraffin hydrocarbons etc. impart excellent flame retardant characteristics to many polymers. 

The traditional halogen fire retardants used in styrenic copolymers are decabromodiphenyl ether and octabromodiphenyl ether, tetrabromobisphenol A, bis(tribromophenoxy) ethane, ethylene bis-tetrabromophthalimide, and chlorinated paraffins. Actually the octabromodiphenyl ether has been banned on precautionary principles, as will be explained below. The fire-retardant capabilities of the more effective halogen-containing compounds are in line with the quantity of halogen in the final polymer blend, with consideration for the use of synergists. Thus, the practical utility of these flame-retardant compounds (once the issue of degradation temperature is resolved) is often based on their ability to be blended into the polymer and to not substantially affect the physical properties of the polymers. 

Quantitative risk assessments have been performed on a variety of flame-retardants used both in upholstered furniture fabric and foam. The National Research Council performed a quantitative risk assessment on 16 chemicals (or chemical classes) identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The results were published in 2000.88 The 16 flame-retardants included in this NRC study were HBCD, deca-BDE, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphonic acid, (3- [hydroxymethyl]amino -3-oxopropyl)-dimethylester, organic phosphonates, tris (monochloropropyl) phosphate, tris (l,3-dichloropropyl-2) phosphate, aromatic phosphate plasticisers, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) hydronium salts, and chlorinated paraffins. The conclusions of the assessment was that the following flame-retardants can be used on residential furniture with minimal risk, even under worst-case assumptions ... 

A considerable range of plasticizers is available but those used most commonly are phthalate esters such as dioctyl or dinonyl phthalate (DOP or DNP). If it should be necessary to reduce the temperature of fusion, or to increase the rate of fusion (as with some expandable plastisols) a fast-solvating plasticizer such as butyl benzyl phthalate may be employed. Besides primary plasticizers such as these, less efficient secondary plasticizers (like chlorinated paraffins) can be included with a view to reducing costs and improving flame retardance. 

Chlorines Chlorinated paraffins Tris (dichloropropyl) phosphate, methyl pentachlorostearate, and other chlorinated phosphates Cycloaliphatic chlorine Chlorendic anhydride LDPE film and flexible PVC Urethane foam and topical fabric Polypropylene and nylon Reactive intermediate in making polyester and epoxy flame-retardant resins Amspec Chemical, Asahi Denka Kogyo, ICC Industries-Dover, Kettlitz Chemie, Lehmann Voss, OxyChem, Polytechs... 

However, we should keep in mind that in spite of a long history of testing we have been unable to foresee the environmental hazards of many anthropogenic substances, such as DDT, PCB, chlorinated paraffins, brominated flame retardants, PFOS and lately the pharmaceutical drug diclophenac (Oaks et al. 2004). Mankind and the environment pay a high price for these mistakes and we have to do a better job in the future. So the new challenge is When we replace one test method with a new one, it should not just be as good but better than what we have used before. 

Chlorinated paraffins Hydrocarbons chlorinated to a level of 40-50%. Have some compatibility constraints and can influence heat stability Used in conjunction with primary plasticisers to give volume cost savings. Chlorine content improves flame retardancy... 

Because the alkane feedstock consists of n-alkanes with a range of chain lengths, the final preparation contains a mixture of their chlorinated analogues. PCA mixtures may be contaminated by isoparaffins, aromatic compounds, sulfur, metals, and unreacted n-alkanes [4, 5]. As the purity of tt-paraffin feedstocks has improved so to has the purity of the PCA products [11, 12]. Commercial products may contain additives added to inhibit decomposition of the PCA, via HCl loss, at elevated temperatures and to increase flame retardancy (e.g., antimony oxide). Common stabilizers include epoxides and organotin compounds [6]. The concentration of these additives, however, is usually below 0.05% [13],... 

Windrath OM, Stevenson DR (1985) Chlorination and bromochlorination paraffins as flame retardants. Plastics Compounding, pp 38-52... 

FYARESTOR 102 is a bromochlorinated paraffin that performs as an effective flame retardant plasticizer in coated fabrics formulations for synthetic and natural fiber blends. Similar to chlorinated paraffins, FYARESTOR 102 offers greater flame retardant performance due to its functional bromine levels, yet retains similar plasticizer performance due to its low viscosity. 

Halogen-containing flame-retardants such as chlorinated paraffins, poly-bromodiphenyl oxides, and polybromodiphenyls are used in conjunction with antimony oxide. On exposure to fire, the halogen gases hberated by decomposition of the resin component of the paint film react with the antimony oxide to produce a vapor of antimony hahde that blankets the flame. 

Three basic principles have emerged as common themes in these policies the Polluter Pays Principle clarifies who bears the costs for chemical contamination the Substitution Principle encourages the adoption of the safest chemicals and the Precautionary Principle promotes preventive action even in the face of the uncertainties of risks (see Section 3.3.2 for a more in depth discussion of the Precautionary Principle). Specifically, the new national chemicals policies of Northern European countries have relied on rapid screening tests for determining regulatory actions on chemicals, focused on products and product lifecycles for risk reduction, established lists of undesirable substances, and, in limited cases, employed government authority to phase out the use of the most hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins (for a more extensive review, see Tickner and Geiser, 2003, www.chemicalspolicy.org). 

Halogenated flame retardants such as chlorinated paraffins, chlorocycloaliphatics, and chloro- and bromoaromatic additives, which are commonly employed in flame-retarding plastics, are postulated to function primarily by a vapor-phase flame-inhibition mechanism. Flame retardation could be implemented by incorporating fire-retardant additives, impregnating the material with a flame-retardant substance, or using flame-retardant comonomers in the polymerization or grafting. 

Highly chlorinated paraffins can be used as secondary plasticizers to reduce flammability and smoke (48). Nonplasticizer additives to assist in flame-retarding plasticized PVC include antimony oxide, alumina trihydrate, zinc borate, and magnesium carbonate (49). 

Dover Chemical Corporation produces resinous chlorinated paraffins under a name Chlorez . All Chlorez grades have a physical form of white powder (particles smaller than 50 mesh) with chlorine content around 70%. The manufacturer recommends Chlorez as flame retardants (in a combination with antimony trioxide) and lately as a nonreactive coupling agent under a brand name Doverbond (such as Doverbond DB 4300 or Doverbond 3000). The manufacturer claims that Chlorez in the amount of 10% along with 3% of a lubricant in the WPC shows an effect of a coupling agent and increases the flexural strength and modulus of the product, as well as the UV and moisture resistance (private communication, Dover Chemical Corp.). DB 4300 lists at 1.50/lb [12,13]. 

Chlorinated flame retardants, 470, 472 Disadvantages, 472 Chlorinated paraffins, 163, 174, 472 Chlorine content, 472 Chloroparaffins, 163,472 Thermal resistance, 472 Chlorinated PVC, 89 Chlorothalonil, 447, 449, 457 Choice Dek, 51, 249, 377 Moment of inertia, 249 Chopped glass fiber, 125 Chromated copper arsenate (CCA), 45,416 Ciba Specialty Chemicals, 453, 528, 534 Ciba, 453, 528, 534 Cincinnati Milacron, 472 Clariant, 166, 174... 

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) were first produced in the 1930s for medicinal purposes. Scheer (1944) reported that a commercial antiseptic solution in the form of a chlorocosane, i.e., a solution containing 20 carbon atoms, was used during World War I [1], Later, during World War II, CPs were used as flame retardants and were applied to tent canvases and other textile materials [2]. 

Interannual changes in production of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) reported by the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association of Japan (FRCJ) [2] are shown in Fig. 2. FRCJ also reported the production and shipment of SCCPs, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in 2001 [2] as shown in Table 1. It indicates that 500 tons per year of SCCPs were shipped, suggesting that SCCPs were not used for polyrvinyl chloride. In the Kanto region, 500 tons per year of SCCPs were mainly used in oil fluids. In contrast, nearly 200 tons of SCCPs were shipped to the Kansai region for other uses including flame retardant additives and lipid additives for rubber, paint, and adhesives. As shown in Table 1, approximately half of SCCPs were used in oil fluids and the other half for other products. 

Akrochlor. [Akrochem] Chlorinated paraffins flame retardant for natural and t mthetic rubbers. 

Aquamix. [Harwick] Halogenated by-drocarbtm dispersions, chlorinated paraffins ennilsions flame retardants, stabilizers, accderators, activators, vulcanizing agents, antioxidants, tackifiers fix plastics. 

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