Long chain chlorinated paraffins

Chlorinated paraffins are very complex mixtures and are often divided into several groups depending on the chain, length of the starting material and the amount of chlorine in the final product. Three major groups are short-, medium- and long-chained chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs and LCCPs). 

Environment Canada (2003) Data collected from Notice with Respect to Short-, Medium-and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. Canada Gazette, Part I, November 30, 2002 (cited in [2])... 

Keywords Bioaccumulation, Distribution, Emission, Eate, Long chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), Medium chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), Persistence, Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs)... 

Hexachlorobenzene Having the same molecular formula High resolution mass spectrometry Air-water partition coefficient Octanol-air partition coefficient Octanol-water partition coefficient Long chain chlorinated paraffins... 

Interannual changes in production of total chlorinated paraffins (CPs) reported by the Flame Retardant Chemicals Association of Japan (FRCJ) [2] are shown in Fig. 2. FRCJ also reported the production and shipment of SCCPs, medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs), and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs) in 2001 [2] as shown in Table 1. It indicates that 500 tons per year of SCCPs were shipped, suggesting that SCCPs were not used for polyrvinyl chloride. In the Kanto region, 500 tons per year of SCCPs were mainly used in oil fluids. In contrast, nearly 200 tons of SCCPs were shipped to the Kansai region for other uses including flame retardant additives and lipid additives for rubber, paint, and adhesives. As shown in Table 1, approximately half of SCCPs were used in oil fluids and the other half for other products. 

Table 19.3 shows that DOP is the only ester plasticizer found on potential carcinogen s list. Short chain chlorinated paraffins are gradually replaced by medium and long chain chlorinated paraffins or other plasticizers. Coal tars and some mineral oils, both are carcinogenic because of the presence of polycyclic aromatic compotmds. 

Long Chain Chlorinated Paraffin, U.K. Environment Agency Risk Assessment, 2001 (draft). 

EC (2005) Risk profile and summary report for Short-Chained Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs). Dossier prepared from the UNECE convention on long-range transboundary air pollution, protocol on persistent organic pollutants. European Commission, DG Environment... 

Long range transport atmospheric transport Medium chain chlorinated paraffins Tandem-mass spectrometry... 

A particularly valuable use lor chlorparaffins is in preparation of linear, primarily internal olefins as fcedslock Ihr long-chain synthetic oxoalcohols. Typically. ii-paraffins (C M -Cu 1 are chlorinated in a IIiodized bed at ahoul 300 C. Conversion is maintained low to limit multiple chlorination. Aher separation of the monoclilorinaicd alkanes hy distillation, dehydrochlo-rinalion over nickel acetate at 3(K)LC yields the desired internal olefins. Unreacied paraffins are recycled. 

As their name implies, chlorinated paraffins are chlorinated derivatives of paraffinic hydrocarbons. They are referred to in this review as polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) because they are produced by chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks. Commercial PCA mixtures fall into different categories C10-C13 (short), C 4-C17 (medium) and C2o-C30 (long). These mixtures are further subcategorized into their weight content of chlorine 40-50%, 50-60%, and 60-70% [1,2]. Knowledge of the environmental chemistry of PCAs is needed because the physical properties of short and medium chain mixtures are similar to those of the... 

Hollies JI, Pinnington DF, Handley AJ, Baldwin MK, Bennett D (1979) The determination of chlorinated long chain paraffins in water, sediment and biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 111 201-213... 

The variety of substances used as additives in polymers is considerable. For example, the fillers may include china clay, various forms of calcium carbonate, talc, silicas (diatomaceous silica), silicates, carbon black, etc. The impact modifiers typically include other polymers. Plasticizers include certain polymers with low (oligomers), dialkyl phthalates, dialkyl sebacates, chlorinated paraffin waxes, liquid paraffinic fractions, oil extracts, etc. Heat stabilizers include heavy metals salts such as basic lead carbonate, basic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite (also acting as a light stabilizer), dibasic lead phthalate, stearates, ricinoleates, palmitates and octanoates of cadmium and barium, epoxide resins and oils, amines, diphenylurea, 2-phenylindole, aminocrotonates. The antioxidants include tris-nonyl phenyl phosphite, 2,6-di-ferf-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), octadecyl-3,5-di-terf-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate, etc. The UV stabilizers include modified benzophenones and benzotriazoles. Processing lubricants include calcium stearate, stearic acid, lead stearate, various wax derivatives, glyceryl esters and long-chain acids. Fire retardants include antimony oxide, some pyrophosphates, etc. 

Detergents, which now rival soap in demand, are based largely on petroleum the variety of structures which confer detergent properties have led to some interesting syntheses. Alkyl aryl sulfonates are made by alkylation of benzene either with chlorinated kerosene or with a highly-branched olefin made from propylene. Long chain olefins for secondary sulfates were made from paraffin wax. Secondary alkyl sulfonates were made by direct sulfonation of paraffins with sulfur dioxide and chlorine, a reaction discovered in America in the 193O s. 

As the long chain olefins produced in the low temperature FT synthesis are almost exclusively linear alpha olefins, they are ideal for producing easily biodegradable detergents. Cuts from the Cg to products are reacted with benzene to produce alkyl benzenes which are sulphonated to give the detergents. The paraffins in the feedstock pass through the process, are chlorinated and used as plasticisers. Linear olefins can also be hydrofor-mulated to yield linear aldehydes and alcohols. 

IRDC (International Research and Development Corporation) (1981) 14-day oral toxicity study in rats with chlorinated paraffin 43% chlorination of long chain length n-paraffin. Studies conducted for the Working Party of the Chlorinated Paraffin Manufacturers Toxicology Testing Consortium (Report No 438-005)... 

Chlorinated paraffins are normally divided into three sub-groups short-chain (SCCP), medium-chain (MCCP) and long-chain (LCCP) chlorinated paraffins. 

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