Hydronium salts

Z. Xie, R. Bau, and C. A. Reed, A Crystalline H904]+ Hydronium Salt with a Weakly Coordinating Anion, Inorg. Chem. 1995,34, 5403. 

The corresponding acyl derivatives, [Rh6(CO)i5(COR)]- (R = Et, Pr), were originally obtained as stable solutions of the hydronium salts by reaction of Rhi(CO)i2 with water in the presence of a mixture of carbon monoxide and an olefin such as ethylene or propylene (43) ... 

Quantitative risk assessments have been performed on a variety of flame-retardants used both in upholstered furniture fabric and foam. The National Research Council performed a quantitative risk assessment on 16 chemicals (or chemical classes) identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The results were published in 2000.88 The 16 flame-retardants included in this NRC study were HBCD, deca-BDE, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphonic acid, (3- [hydroxymethyl]amino -3-oxopropyl)-dimethylester, organic phosphonates, tris (monochloropropyl) phosphate, tris (l,3-dichloropropyl-2) phosphate, aromatic phosphate plasticisers, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) hydronium salts, and chlorinated paraffins. The conclusions of the assessment was that the following flame-retardants can be used on residential furniture with minimal risk, even under worst-case assumptions ... 

Cp2TiCl2 reacts with HCl(g) in the presence of 18-crown-6 with loss of both Cp ligands to form the hydronium salt [H30(18-crown-6)][TiGls(H20)]. The crystal structure shows that the H30 1 ion resides within the crown ether and... 

Extraction of the cluster from the products of the solid-state reactions with HX yields the hydronium salts of the molecular species (H30)2(M6XgX6)-6H20, which are converted into the polymeric material M6X X4/2 under vacuum at 200 C (12, 23). The structure of M6Xj)XiX4/2, also designated MeXi2, consists of a core with two... 

We have included in this category hydronium salts such as H O CIO. or p-alumina in which all water molecules are protonated. 

Added salts accelerate the (micelle-inhibited) reaction of CN with a triphenylmethyl dye cation. The salt order is Cs+ > K+ > Na+ > Li+ and here too the cation displaces hydronium ion from the anionic micelle and so increases the concentration of bound CN- (Srivastava and Katiyar 1980). 

This method does not measure exchangeable protons attached to cation exchange sites therefore, it is also common to use a salt solution (either KC1 or CaCl2) instead of distilled water in determining soil pH. The K+ or Ca2+ in the solution exchanges with exchangeable hydronium, thus bringing it into... 

Interpreting the equation from right to left, the conjugate base of the acid, A , has no tendency to combine with hydronium ions in water. Therefore, it is a weak base. In fact, the anion that is formed by a strong acid is a much weaker base than water, so it does not react with water. Consequently, when a salt that contains the anion of a strong acid is dissolved in water, the anion has no effect on the pH of the solution. 

According to Arrhenius s definition, an acid is a substance that produces hydronium ion (H3O ), and a base produces hydroxide ion (OH ) in aqueous solution. An acid reacts with a base to produce salt and water. 

Sulfonic acids are listed in narrow ranges above these apply only to anhydrous forms. Such acids hydrate readily to give bands that are probably a result of the formation of hydronium sulfonate salts, in the 1230-1120 cm1 range. 

It is certain that the proton does not exist by itself in water. The simplest formula found in some crystalline salts is H30+. For example, crystals of perchloric acid monohydrate contain pyramidal hydronium (also called hydroxonium) ions ... 

In a neutralization reaction in water, an acid reacts with a base to produce a salt and water the net outcome for a strong add and strong base is the formation of water from hydronium ions and hydroxide ions. 

To predict the pH of mixtures of weak acids or bases and their salts quantitatively, we set up an equilibrium table, as described in Toolbox 10.1. Then we use the acidity or basicity constant to calculate the concentration of hydronium ions present in the solution. The only difference is that now the conjugate acid and base are both present initially, so the first line of the table must have their initial concentrations. For instance, in the mixed acetic acid/sodium acetate solution, both acetic acid and its conjugate base, acetate ions, are present initially. In the ammonia/ammo-nium chloride solution, both the base (ammonia) and its conjugate acid (the ammonium ions) are present initially. 

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