Fatty Acid Esters and Glyceride Oils

TABLE 3.6 Positional and Geometric Isomers in Monoenoic Acids from Partial Hydrogenation of Linoleic Acid  

Double-Bond Position Nonselective Hydrogenation Selective Hydrogenation  

Krishnaiah and Sarkar investigated the effect of chromia on the activity and selectivity of 25% Ni-Si02 in the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil (palmtic 22.5, stearic 3.5, oleic 22.5, and linoleic 16.5 mol%) at 120-140°C and 0.5-1 MPa H2.98 Chromia was found to suppress the stearate formation completely with its optimum content of 0.17 Cr/Ni atomic ratio. The kinetics of the process was found to be first-order with respect to linoleate and half order with respect to hydrogen. 

Alouche et al. studied the selective hydrogenation of rapeseed oil over reduced Ni-Ce oxides and the effects of aluminum incorporation to them. The binary Ce-Ni oxide presented a good selectivity in the partial hydrogenation, as studied in a flow system at temperatures of 190-250°C, but with a large 7JE isomerization. On the other hand, use of ternary Ce-Ni-Al oxides [e.g., Ce/Al = 1, Ni/(Ce + Al) = 5], prepared from the nitrates of cerium, nickel, and aluminum by coprecipitation using potassium hydroxide, allowed a decrease in the extent of the 7JE isomerization.100 

Studies on the hydrogenation of fatty acids and oils over platinum group metals have been reviewed by Rylander.107 Zajcew studied the hydrogenation of tall oil fatty acids over carbon-supported platinum metals in methanol at 28°C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure.108 The activity increased in the order Ru Ir Pt Rh 

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The term fat is applied to solid esters of fatty acids with glycerol (glycerides) if the fat is liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is conventionally called a fatty oil, vegetable oil or animal oil. The acids which occur most abundantly are palmitic ticid CH3(CHj),4COOH, stearic acid CH3(CH2)isCOOH and oleic acid CH3(CH2),CH=CH(CH2),C00H. Upon hydrolysis, fats yield glycerol and the alkali salts of these acids (soaps) ... 

The ester class also comprises natural oils, such as vegetable oil [75] spent sunflower oil [940,941,992,993] and natural fats, for example, sulfonated flsh fat [161]. In water-based mud systems no harmful foams are formed from partially hydrolyzed glycerides of predominantly unsaturated Ci6 to C24 fatty acids. The partial glycerides can be used at low temperatures and are biodegradable and nontoxic [1280]. A composition for high-temperature applications is available [1818]. It is a mixture of long chain polyesters and polyamides. 

Aceite de Linaza Acid refined linseed oil Acidulated linseed soapstock Bodied linseed oil Caswell No. 527A EINECS 232-278-6 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 031603 Fats and Glyceridic oils, linseed Fats and Glyceridic oils, flaxseed Flaxseed oil Groco HSDB 5155 Huile de Lin L-31Q Leinol Linseed absolute Linseed fatty acids, glycerin ester Linseed oil Linseed oil absolute Linseed oil, alkali refined Linseed oil, bleached Linseed oil extract Linseed oil fatty acids, glycerol triester Linseed oil, wash recovered Oils, glyceridic, flaxseed or linseed Oils, linseed Oleum Uni Sunflower... 

Natural oils and fats are traditional sources for the production of alcohols [12, 13]. Even long-chain alcohols (I) are produced by hydrogenation of methyl esters and glycerides of fatty acids as well as free fatty acids (cf Fig. 1.2). The part of synthetic alcohols amounts to ca. 60 % of the total C9-C18 alcohol production. The main ways of alcohol synthesis are a-olefms... 

Castor (Ricinus communis) oil Cellulose Cholesterol Cholic acid Choline bitartrate Choline chloride Citric acid esters of mono-and diglycerides of fatty acids Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil Corn glycerides Corn (Zea mays) oil... 

Polymers from hydroxy-substituted fatty acids or esters, derived from fats and oils and bifunctional compounds, have been reported [277]. The fat- and glyceridic oil-derived monomers used represent an inexpensive and readily obtainable monomer source for the preparation of condensation polymers from hydroxy- or amino-substituted fatty acids (e.g. 12-hydroxystearic acid) with difunctional compounds (e.g. diamines, polyamines, amino alcohols, diols, polyols, diacid chlorides, diisocyanates, phosgene, etc.). 

In the production of many chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, and so on, as well as in the recovery of valuables from wastes, distillation techniques at ambient pressure are not applicable. Too many undesired reactions and fouling of the apparatus would occur. Examples are oils, fish oil, fatty acids, esters, glycerides, vitamins, waxes, wool fats, mono-/polymers (Figure 15.2). 

There are a number of ways in which TLC can be combined to advantage with GLC. The spots obtained from TLC may be eluted, concentrated, and then subjected to GLC analysis. This method has been used in the analyses of lipids, steroids, alcohols, fatty acids, esters, glycerides, hydrocarbons, essential oils, and many other natural and synthetic organic compounds. Methyl esters of fatty acids are first separated on silver-nitrate-impregnated silica gel... 

CAS 68334-28-1 68938-37-4 EINECS/ELINCS 269-820-6 Synonyms Fats and glyceridic oils, vegetable, hydrogenated Oils, vegetable, hydrogenated Vegetable oil, hydrogenated Classification Fatty acid ester... 

If water is eliminated from the reaction mixture, the equilibrium tends to the right side, and almost all acid or alcohol is transferred to the ester. In context with RR, the following esters should be mentioned - Cellulose esters, - starch esters, - sucrose fatty acid esters, - soibitan esters of fatty acids, - sulfosuccinates, - fatty acid esters, - waxes, fats and oils and all other glycerides, alkyd resins, esters of inorganic acids with fatty alcohols, e.g., fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, fatty alcohol phosphates, phtalates, azelates and sebacates (aplastic additives), as well as the esters of - citric acid, - tartaric acid and - lactic acid. 

Skin creams and lotions, which are either 0/W or W/0 - emulsions, are used for skin care after cleaning. The natural skin grease washed out must be substituted the Romans did so already. Especially dry skin is intended to remain soft and smooth. This may temporarily be secured by moisturizing, because lack of water is the reason of rough skin. So, a lot of different moisturizers are recommended for such products, e.g., oils like - fatty acid esters, ethers, silicones, branched alcohols (- Guerbet alcohols) polyols, such as - sorbitol - lanolin ->fatty alcohols, such as - cetyl alcohol and - stearyl alcohol and -+tri-glycerides, such as - sesam oil and ->cocoa butter. Other important raw materials are emulsifiers, e.g., - soaps, - glycerides, - sorbitan esters, and many other anionic, cationic and amphoteric - surfactants, and recently rediscovered natural hydroxy (di)acids, e.g., - citric acid, -+lactic acid and - tartaric acid. 

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