Choline chloride

Ghlormequat Chloride. 2-CHoioethyltrimethylammonium chloride [999-81-5] (chlormequat chloride), known as CCC (20), is an onium-type plant growth regulator that has variable use depending on where it is used. CCC by itself is registered for use in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency, but the mixture of CCC with choline chloride has not been approved. 

QuaterniZation. Choline chloride [67-48-1] was prepared ia nearly quantitative yield by the reaction of trimethylamine [121-44-8] with ethylene chlorohydrin at 90—105°C and 981—1471 kPa (10—15 kg/cm ) pressure (44). Precursors to quaternary ammonium amphoteric surfactants have been made by reaction of ethylene chlorohydrin with tertiary amines containing a long chain fatty acid group (45). 

Choline Chloride. This compound [67-48-17 is a crystalline dehquescent salt, usually with a slight odor of trimethyl amine (6). It is very soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in acetone and chloroform, and practically insoluble in ether, benzene, and ligroin. Its aqueous solutions ate neutral to litmus and are stable (4). The specific gravity of these solutions is a straight-line function between pure water and the value of 1.10 for the 80% solution, which represents the approximate limit of solubiUty. Choline chloride absorbs moisture from the atmosphere at relative humidities greater than 20% at 25.5°C. 

Choline dihydrogen citrate (CH2)3N(CH2CH20H)C H202, is prepared by methods similar to those for preparing choline chloride. It has the same pharmacological action as the chloride, but contains a lower proportion of choline. It is not as dehquescent as the chloride, and absorbs moisture from the atmosphere only at relative humidities greater than 56% at 25.5°C. It is mote palatable than the chloride. 

Choline chloride [67-48-1] M 139.6, m 302-305 (dec). Extremely deliquescent. Purity checked by AgN03 titration or by titration of free base after passage through an anion-exchange column. Crystd from absolute EtOH, or EtOH-diethyl ether, dried under vacuum and stored in a vacuum desiccator over P2O5 or Mg(C104)2. 

A comparison of the activities of these three alkaloids lias been made by Graliam and Gunn using their antagonism to the effects of carbamjd-choline chloride on isolated mammalian intestine. The relative activities found were, atropine sulphate 1 I-hyoscyamine sulphate 2-4 hyoscine hydro bromide 1-5. The results of previous authors are discussed and reasons suggested for some of the differences found. 

About 14 g of choline chloride are stirred with a solution of about 20 g of phosgene in 100 g of chloroform for about two hours at room temperature. The mixture becomes a two-phase liquid mixture. Hydrochloric acid and excess phosgene are removed by distillation in vacuo. Chloroform is added to the syrup, and the mixture is then added to a solution of excess ammonia in chloroform which was cooled with solid carbon dioxide-acetone. The mixture is... 

A method of preparation is to react an acid salt of choline (such as choline chloride or choline bromide) with an alkaline salt of salicylic acid (such as sodium salicylate, potassium salicylate, or magnesium salicylate) in an alcoholic media. 

Choline theophyllinate Choline chloride Carbachol Choline salicylate Choline dihydrogen citrate Ferrocholinate Chromic acid... 

C24H4q05 81 -25-4) see Chenodeoxycholic acid Dehydrocholic acid choline chloride... 

C5H15NO2 123-41-1) see Acetylcholine chloride Choline chloride Choline dihydrogen citrate Choline stearate choline naphthalene-1,5-disulfonate (C20H34N2O8S2) see Aclatonium napadisilate choline tosylate... 

C2H5CIO 107-07-3) see Acetylcholine chloride Carbachol Choline chloride Etofylline Homofenazine Metronidazole Oxypendyl Tofenacin Troxerutin ethylenediamine... 

C3H< N 75-50-3) see Acetylcholine chloride Betaine hydrate Bethanechol chloride Carbachol Carnitine Cetrimonium bromide Choline chloride Choline hydroxide Decamethonium bromide Hexcarbacholine bromide Miltefosine Prolonium iodide... 

Recently, a eutectic mixture of choline chloride and urea (commercially known as Reline) was used as a medium from which CdS, as well as CdSe and ZnS, thin films were electrodeposited for the first time [53]. Reline is a conductive room-temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) with a wide electrochemical window. The voltammetric behavior of the Reline-Cd(II)-sulfur system was investigated, while CdS thin films were deposited at constant potential and characterized by photocurrent and electrolyte electroabsorbance spectroscopies. 

Nova-Pak C18 column in a methanol water chloroform gradient.92 Choline chloride was added to the mobile phase. One review of techniques used in the analysis of triacylglycerols lists over 300 references on separations of the triglyceride fraction of fats using nonaqueous RPLC, aqueous RPLC, argen-tation chromatography, and other chromatographic methods.93... 

Many of these problems may be overcome by using ionic liquids based on sugars [35] or deep eutectic mixtures. Deep eutectic mixtures such as that derived from choline chloride and urea (m. pt. 12°C [36]) or carboxylic acids [37] can be liquids and have very low vapour pressure. They have been successfully used as electrochemical solvents, but their use in catalysis remains little explored. Urea is a fertiliser and choline chloride (Vitamin B4) is a component of chicken feed so the mixture is environmentally acceptable. 

Special mention should be made of the ready conversion of the chlorhydrin, by means of tnmethylamine, to choline, a substance of great physiological importance. Choline chloride is obtained very easily when equimolecular amounts of the two components are made to interact for some time under the influence of heat a concentrated solution of the amine in absolute alcohol is used. 

Theory In general, quaternary nitrogen containing compounds like—choline chloride, acetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and bethanechol chloride readily form insoluble salts quantitatively with tetraphenyl boron and this puts forward the basis for the gravimetric assay of the above cited pharmaceutical substances. 

The 31P n.m.r. of phospholipids has been the subject of a number of papers.62-89 These have been primarily aimed at investigating the conformation and motion of phospholipids in bilayers, but information has also been obtained on gel-to-liquid crystal transformations of phospholipids.65-67 A P31 1H nuclear Overhauser effect indicates that there is little tendency for mixed phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidyl-ethanolamine vesicles to segregate in separate domains.68 69 A phosphonium analogue (23) of choline chloride has been prepared and converted chemically into... 

Choline chloride [67-48-1] 876C I(1)395D, N(1)347D KH2975000, USP... 

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