Synthetic alcohol

By far the largest volume synthetic alcohol is 2-ethylexanol [104-76-7] CgH gO, used mainly in production of the poly(vinyl chloride) plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [117-81-7], commonly called dioctyl phthalate [117-81-7] or DOP (see Plasticizers). A number of other plasticizer... 

Flotation. Tallow amines contain small amounts of short-chain compounds, eg, the octyl, lauryl, and myristyl (C ) groups. These amines usually produce enough froth for the flotation. Small quantities of specialized synthetic alcohols, eg, Dowfroth P, are frequentiy added to the flotation system to supplement the natural frothers. The quantities of the reagents used ia potash flotation plants are Hsted ia Table 5. 

Amoco developed polybutene olefin sulfonate for EOR (174). Exxon utilized a synthetic alcohol alkoxysulfate surfactant in a 104,000 ppm high brine Loudon, Illinois micellar polymer small field pilot test which was technically quite successful (175). This surfactant was selected because oil reservoirs have brine salinities varying from 0 to 200,000 ppm at temperatures between 10 and 100°C. Petroleum sulfonate apphcabdity is limited to about 70,000 ppm salinity reservoirs, even with the use of more soluble cosurfactants, unless an effective low salinity preflush is feasible. 

Worldwide ethanol demand in 1991 was about 19 x 10 L, of which the industrial demand was about 5 x 10 L. The majority of the worldwide demand was for fuel use with Brazil consuming 11.9 X 10 L in 1989 (239) and the United States consuming 3.6 X 10 L in 1990 (240). In 1991, worldwide synthetic ethanol capacity amounted to 2.04 x 10 L, with the United States having a capacity of 0.802 x 10 L, 39% of the world total (Table 2). In 1991, the total ethanol capacity in the United States was 4.67 x 10 L with an industrial demand of 0.908 x 10 L. Fermentation alcohol and imports suppHed the remainder of the industrial market not suppHed by synthetic alcohol. 

Ethanol [64-17-5] M 46.1, b 78.3 , d 0.79360, d 0.78506, n 1.36139, pK 15.93. Usual impurities of fermentation alcohol are fusel oils (mainly higher alcohols, especially pentanols), aldehydes, esters, ketones and water. With synthetic alcohol, likely impurities are water, aldehydes, aliphatic esters, acetone and diethyl ether. Traces of benzene are present in ethanol that has been dehydrated by azeotropic distillation with benzene. Anhydrous ethanol is very hygroscopic. Water (down to 0.05%) can be detected by formation of a voluminous ppte when aluminium ethoxide in benzene is added to a test portion. Rectified... 

Surfactant alcohols are linear, primary alcohols with carbon chain lengths in the C12-C14 and the C16-C18 range. Surfactant alcohols can be derived from either petrochemical or oleochemical feedstocks, and thus are referred to either as synthetic alcohols or as natural (oleochemical) alcohols. Petrochemical feedstocks used for surfactant alcohol production are ethylene and, to a lesser degree, paraffins. 

The enantiomeric purity is determined by chiral stationary phase, supercritical fluid chromatographic (CSP-SFC) analysis (Berger Instruments, Daicel Co. CHIRALCEL OD column 4% methanol, 180 psi, 3.0 mUmin flow rate detection at 220 nm). Racemic 1-phenylpropanol exhibited base-line separation of peaks of equal intensity arising from the R-isomer (tp, 2.74 min) and the S-isomer (tp, 3.10 min) whereas the synthetic alcohol showed these peaks in the ratio 97.7 / 2.3. This chromatographic method allowed for identification of the trace contaminants propiophenone (tp, 1.63 min) and benzyl alcohol (tp 3.40 min). 

To verify the part played by yeasts in color fixation (48), we prepared a synthetic alcoholic mixture (10% alcohol, 5 grams/liter tartaric acid adjusted to a pH of 3.0 with concentrated sodium hydroxide) and added a solution of macerated Cabernet Sauvignon skins. We studied the... 

A crude synthetic alcohol is obtained at 15 - 30 per cent alcohol and contains acetaldehyde, oils, butanols, ether and some dissolved C4 - C5 hydrocarbons along with ethylene. It is distilled to remove low and high-boiling impurities and to concentrate to 190 proof. Details of the distillation are often proprietary. A good "spirits" grade of synthetic alcohol is at... 

Small amounts of synthetic alcohol occur as by-products in various chemical processes, particularly production of acetic acid via butane oxidation. One company is producing about 12 million gallons of by-product ethanol at present but is not recovering it. 3... 

Synthetic alcohol demand in the United States in 1979 was estimated at 208 million gallons (190 proof). The same source lists 94 million gallons for chemical manufacture, 42 million for toiletries and cosmetics, 25 million for detergents, flavors and disinfectants, 23 million for coatings and 25 million for other uses. Synthetic alcohol is not used in beverages or gas-ohol (motor fuel). 

Coconut oil and tallow were the principal raw material sources for early fatty alcohol manufacture. Coconut oil is a lauryl-range oil and affords primarily C 12 and C 1 < alcohols. Tallow is a stearyl-range oil and yields primarily C1 and C is alcohols. Both of these natural products form only even carbon-numbered alcohols. Some synthetic alcohols contain both even and odd carbon-numbered alcohols while other synthetic alcohols are like the natural products and contain only even carbon-numbered homologs. 

As the immovable phase, CLSP was applied to N-AW chromaton carrier in 20% quantity of its mass. The phase peculiarity to alcohols of the fatty sequence is shown on the example of synthetic alcohols Ci0 - C2i fraction separation in the temperature range from 100 to 270°C (at 4 deg/min rate) without preliminary transfer to volatile derivatives. 

Methyl alcohol. Redistil the purest commercial (synthetic) alcohol. B.p. 63°. 

Alkyl ether sulfates (AES) are anionic surfactants obtained by ethoxy-lation and subsequent salfation of alcohols derived from feedstock or synthetic alcohol. AES, also known as alcohol ether sulfates, have low sensitivity to water hardness (Fig. 5.3), high solubility, and good storage stability at low temperature [4, 11]. 

The third synthesis, by Crombie et al., utilizes the base-catalysed condensation of the trans,trans-phenyl farnesyl sulphone (10) with trans,trans-Qthy farneso-ate to give the ester (11) as a major product via the intermediate (12). Lithium aluminium hydride reduction again yielded presqualene alcohol (1). In each case the labelled synthetic alcohol, as its pyrophosphate, was incorporated by yeast subcellular particles into squalene in ca. 68 % yield. The minor synthetic isomers were not incorporated. 

Systematics are also available for the 8 0-values of the compounds in queshon [56[ carboxyl and carbonyl functions in isotopic equilibrium with the surrounding water are, due to equilibrium isotope effects, enriched in 0 relative to this water by 19 and by 25 to 28%o, respectively. From here, the 8 0-values of natural alcohols, mostly descendants of carbonyl compounds, will have (maximally) similar 8 0-values, provided the precursors have attained isotopic equilibrium with water and their reduction has not been faster than their equilibration. Alcohols from addihon of water to C=C double bonds or from exchange of halogen functions by OH groups, typical for synthetic alcohols, will have 8 0-values close to or even below that of the water, due to kinetic isotope effects. The few available results [246, 289, 290] seem to confirm this expectation. The 8 0-values of natural (and also synthetic) esters and lactones can be, especially in the carbonyl group, extremely high (up to 50%o), probably as a consequence of an intramolecular kinetic isotope effect on the activation of the carboxyl function. 

---