Fatty acids and esters

A regular decline of progression band intensities toward lower frequencies was found in the spectra of isopentadecanoic and isoheptadecanoic acids, but isomyristic, isopalmitic, and 14-methylhexadecanoic acids displayed an increase in progression band intensities toward lower frequencies. No band was found at about 1020 cm in the fatty acids of B. subtilis, thus indicating the absence of cyclopropane compounds (known to occur in some lactic acid bacteria). 

Fischmeister (1967) has studied the infrared spectra of all the seventeen isomeric ketooctadecanoic acids from 4000 to 400 cm . She has found a characteristic band sequence in the region 1380 to 1160 cm , corresponding to CH2 wagging and twisting vibrations as well as rocking and skeletal bands from 1160 to 700 cm , to be suitable 

The incubation of ethanol-l- C with rat liver or kidney homogenates produced a previously unrecognized metabolite, which has been isolated and identified as 5-hydroxy-4-ketohexanoic acid (Bloom and Westerfeld, 1966). Infrared and NMR spectral data were given for the compound and its dehydroabietylamine salt. 

Lactobacillic acid, Ci9H3g02, isolated by Hofmann et al. (1952) is a saturated acid with two less hydrogen atoms than a normal C19 saturated acid. These facts suggest a cyclic structure. A band found at 1020 cm is characteristic of alkyl-substituted cyclopropanes. The structure of lactobacillic acid (XXVIII) is, therefore 

Golmohammadi (1966) has investigated the effect on the infrared spectrum of the increase in the number of selenium atoms incorporated in a fatty acid chain. The intensity of the bands near 1250 cm was selenium dependent. A progressive increase in the intensity of the bands in this region together with a displacement of the bands toward lower frequency was observed when the number of selenium atoms in the chain was increased progressively from one to three. 

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Reaction with Fatty Acids and Esters. Alkanolamines and long-chain fatty acids react at room temperature to give neutral alkanolamine soaps, which are waxy, noncrystaUine materials with widespread commercial appHcations as emulsifiers. At elevated temperatures, 140 —160°C, A/-aIkanolamides are the main products, at a 1 1 reaction ratio (7,8). 

A variety of waxy hydrophobic hydrocarbon-based soHd phases are used including fatty acid amides and sulfonamides, hydrocarbon waxes such as montan wax [8002-53-7], and soHd fatty acids and esters. The amides are particularly important commercially. One example is the use of ethylenediamine distearamide [110-30-5] as a component of latex paint and paper pulp blackHquor defoamer (11). Hydrocarbon-based polymers are also used as the soHd components of antifoaming compositions (5) examples include polyethylene [9002-88-4], poly(vinyl chloride) [9002-86-2], and polymeric ion-exchange resins. 

Amine salts of a-sulfonated fatty acids and esters are also used as antistatic agents. Mixtures of alkyl a-sulfo fatty acid ester diethanolamine salts and hexa-decyl stearate or butyl stearate are coated onto nylon yarn after fiber formation and before stretching [97]. Polypropylene can be made antistatic with an amine salt of a-sulfolauric acid [C10H21CH(SO3Na)COO +NH(CH2CH(OH) CH3)3] [98]. 

To compare different profiles, peaks were matched by their retention times and mass spectra. The contribution of each peak to the overall area of the profile was calculated as a percentage (% area) and used for analyses. For the current study we focussed our analyses on fatty acids and esters (Poddar-Sarkar and Brahmachary 1999 Hofer et al. 2001). 

A wide range of anionic surfactants (Fig. 23) has been classified into groups, including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS), alcohol sulfates (AS), alcohol ether sulfates (AES), alkyl phenol ether sulfates (APES), fatty acid amide ether sulfates (FAES), alpha-olefin sulfates (AOS), paraffin sulfonates, alpha sulfonated fatty acids and esters, sulfonated fatty acids and esters, mono- and di-ester sulfosuccinates, sulfosuccinamates, petroleum sulfonates, phosphate esters, and ligno-sulfonates. Of the anionic surfactants, ABS and LAS continue to be the major products of anionic surfactants [314, 324]. Anionic surfactants have been extensively monitored and characterized in various environmental matrices [34,35,45,325-329]. 

Olefin epoxidation by hydrogen peroxide catalysed by MTO on niobia in the presence of urea was successfully applied with better results than under homogeneous conditions, thereby transforming simple olefin substrates to unsaturated fatty acids and esters [56,57]. 

Lipoxygenase (EC 1.13.11.12) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids and esters containing a cis-cis-l, 4-pentadiene system (Table 6). In 1947, Theorell et al. obtained the enzyme in a crystalline form from soybeans and reported that the enzyme neither contained nor required a metal cofactor192. Subsequent studies from three groups of investigators have demonstrated that the enzyme purified from soybeans in an iron-containing dioxygenase74-76 ... 

Thus, the concentrations of fatty acids and esters found in brandy distillates are greatly affected by the nature of the wine at the time of distillation, particularly the time interval between fermentation and distillation since most of the yeast cells settle out fairly quickly after fermentation has ceased. Obviously the degree of resuspension of the settled lees into the wine when distilled affects the amount of fatty acids and esters recovered in the distillates. The method and techniques of distillation are also very important since this class of congeners, having relatively high boiling points and weak solubility in water, exhibit wide ranges of volatility as affected by the alcohol content of the liquid volatilized. 

Hydrocarboxylation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Esters with a Palladium Chloride— Triphenylphosphine Complex Catalyst... 

Fatty Acids and Esters Catalyzed by PdCl2—Ph3P... 

A significant portion of the neutral ethyl ether extract from the salts of carboxylated methyl linoleate consists of ,/3-unsaturated cyclic ketones. This material is produced in small but significant amounts (4-10%) (Table I) from the carboxylation of polyunsaturates but not from the corresponding monounsaturated fatty acids and esters (19). These ,/ -unsaturated cyclic ketones were identified spectroscopically (IR, UV, and NMR) as 4. This structural assignment was firmly established by mass spectral analyses before and after hydrogenation of the carbon-carbon double bond. 

Amidon et al. [39] have correlated the aqueous solubility of 127 aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, fatty acids, and esters with their total molecular surface area ... 

Chemical shift of protons in long-chain fatty acids and esters (expressed as 6 = parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane = 0.00). (Modified from ref. 388.)... 

SVOCs responsible for the fogging effect paraffins, higher fatty acids and esters, phthalates, phosphoric acid esters, organosilicon compounds, haloge-nated hydrocarbons, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur compounds. 

BDS) craig polyester for alcohols, aromatics, heterocycles, fatty acids and esters, hydrocarbons Tetraethylene glycol dimethylether... 

While the ethenolysis of fatty acids and esters yields a-olefins and oo-unsaturated acids and esters, the use of higher olefins or functionalized olefins as CM partners gives access to a wide spectrum of platform chemicals. The wide availability of ethylene makes ethenolysis particularly attractive however, the associated problems regarding loss of catalyst activity already explained have motivated the search for alternative low molecular weight olefins. In this way, 2-butene (butenolysis) has been used to avoid the mentioned problems. Patel et al. reported the butenolysis of different natural oils in the presence of C5 [63], TONs between... 

The method can be applied for saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, fatty esters, fatty alcohols and acyl-glycerols. The regression is based on 1200 data points. The absolute deviation in predicting vapor pressure is 6.82%. Another advantage of Eq. (14.1) is the capability of predicting the VLE of mixtures of fatty acids and esters by using the UNIFAC model for liquid activity. The comparison with experimental data shows good accuracy not achieved by other methods [40]. 

By this method (Z)-monounsaturated fatty acids and esters could be obtained with an ( )-isomer content of less than 10% this stereoselectivity being however inferior to that of the commonly used acetylenic approach 55,56). However, the salt-free techniques used today in Wittig reactions allow (Z)-alkenoic acids to be synthesized with less than 2% of the ( )-isomers. Thus, Bestmann et al. prepared methyl and ethyl esters of (Z)-4,5,6,7,8,9,ll- and 13-alkenoic acids of different chain lengths 35,57 62), which served as intermediates in the synthesis of insect pheromones, both by reaction of co-alkoxycarbonyl-substituted alkyl-triphenyl-phosphonium salts with simple alkanals and of co-formylalkanoic esters with alkylidenephosphoranes. As the starting material for the synthesis of -substituted alkyl-phosphonium salts co-chloro- and -bromocarboxylic esters were used. The corresponding -substituted aldehydes can usually be obtained by ozone cleavage of suitable olefin derivatives or by oxidation of alkohols 57,58). 

Matsushita, S., Terao, J. 1980. Singlet oxygen-initiated photooxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and esters and inhibitory effect of tocopherols and (3-carotene. In Auto-oxidation in Food and Biological Systems (M.G. Simic, M. Karel, eds.), pp. 27 44, Plenum Press, New York. 

Knothe, G., Bagby, M. O., and Ryan, T. W. III. 1996. The Influence of Various Oxygenated Compounds on the Cetane Numbers of Fatty Acids and Esters. In Cundiff, J. S., Gavett, E. E., Hansen, C., Peterson, C., Sanderson, M. A., Shapouri, H., and VanDyne, D. L. (Eds.), Proc., Third Liquid Fuels Conference Liquid Fuels and Industrial Products from Renewable Resources (pp. 54-66). St. Joseph MI American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 

Fatty Acids and Esters Passes test (limit about 0.1%, calculated as butyric acid). 

Fatty Acids and Esters Mix a 40.0-mL (50-g) sample with 50 mL of recently boiled water and 5.0 mL of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide. Boil the mixture for 5 min, cool, add phenolphtha-lein TS, and titrate the excess alkali with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid. More than 4 mL of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid is consumed. Lead Determine as directed for Method I in the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Graphite Furnace Method under Lead Limit Test, Appendix IIIB. 

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