Fabrics cotton-based

Tapes for component supply in loading installations usually consist of an acrylate- or rubber-based adhesive (also thermosetting) on a paper or polyester foil carrier (dependent on the mass of the components). Depending on the type of application, different materials are used for the adhesive and the carrier for covering tapes. Most important carrier materials are foils (PVC, polypropylene, cellulose, polyester, polyimide), papers, and woven and nonwoven fabrics (cotton, glass). Adhesives frequently used are based on rubbers, silicones, and acrylates. Carrier less adhesive foils are used, for example, for the bonding of copper foils and polyimide films to get special base materials for circuit boards. 

C Q Yang, G D Bakshi, Quantitative Analysis of the Nonformaldehyde Durable Press Finish on Cotton Fabric Acid-Base Titration and Infrared Spectroscopy", Textile ResJ, 1996 66(6)377-384... 

The Structure of the Fibertect fabric allows different types of fibers such as polyester, raw cotton, bleached cotton, among others, to be used for different applications such as industrial cleaning and oil absorption. Raw cotton-based Fibertect wipes can be used to absorb oil and adsorb volatile vapors that emanate from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbotts. ... 

The main three compounds already used in the UK for fabric protection appear to be on the accepted list for the US standard. For cotton-based fabrics the major candidate is phosphonic acid (3-[hydroxymethyl]amino)-3-oxypropyl dimethyl ester, sold as Pyrovatex. It is already used for apparel and does not meet the definition of toxic under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA). 

With cotton-based fabrics, the basic adhesion is achieved purely by mechanical means, due to the embedding of the individual fibre ends within the rubber matrix [3]. On peeling the bond, it is necessary either to pull these fibre ends out of the rubber or, if this force is greater than the tensile strength of the fibres, to break the fibres. This mechanical adhesion applies basically to all staple fibre-based fabrics, where there is no additional adhesive treatment. However, in the case of the synthetic staple fibres, the individual fibres are smooth and cylindrical, compared with the rougher surface produced by the scales on the cotton fibre surface. The adhesion levels obtained with these yarns are significantly lower than with cotton. 

Starting from plain cotton-based products, medical textiles have seen rapid development over the last few decades. Nowadays, new biodegradable fibers have enabled the development of novel types of implants, and modem textile machines can produce three-dimensional spacer fabrics that give superior performance over traditional textile materials. These and many other advances have made medical textiles an essential element in modem disease management, and they are becoming more and more important with the increasing number of elderly people in the populations of developed countries. 

It should be noted that when scouring with solvents, residual moisture in the fiber structure of cotton-based fabrics is common and can react with the solvent to form hydrochloric acid within the fiber. As such, the solvent/acid residue is not able to be completely removed from the fabric. 

Uses Fabric softener base for brushed or raised fabrics, elastomeric finishes, for cotton, rayon, acetates, wool, and nylon Properties Lt. yellowish flakes disp. in hot water pH 4 100% cone. 

Yu, M., Gu, G., Meng, W. D. Qing F. L. (2007). Superhydrophobic cotton fabric coating based on a complex layer of silica nanoparticles and perfluorooctylated quaternary ammonium silane coupling agent. Applied Surface Science, 253, 3669-3673. 

The physical and chemical properties of a yam are largely those of the fibres or filaments making up the yam. In addition to the natural fibres (mainly cotton, but with some wool and silk), and a small, but growing, number of inorganic fibres, the bulk of filter fabrics is based upon an increasingly wide range of synthetic polymer fibres. The physical and chemical properties can then be tailored to the filtration application by choosing the appropriate polymer for the fibre. 

Visual and Manual Tests. Synthetic fibers are generally mixed with other fibers to achieve a balance of properties. Acryhc staple may be blended with wool, cotton, polyester, rayon, and other synthetic fibers. Therefore, as a preliminary step, the yam or fabric must be separated into its constituent fibers. This immediately estabUshes whether the fiber is a continuous filament or staple product. Staple length, brightness, and breaking strength wet and dry are all usehil tests that can be done in a cursory examination. A more critical identification can be made by a set of simple manual procedures based on burning, staining, solubiUty, density deterrnination, and microscopical examination. 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

There are several methods for introducing the insoluble deposits into the fabric stmcture. The multiple bath method, in which the fabric is first impregnated with a water-soluble salt or salts in one bath and is then passed into a second bath which contains the precipitant, is used most often. Most semidurable retardants used on cotton are based on a combination of phosphoms and nitrogen compounds (25). 

Ammonia—Gas-Cured Flame Retardants. The first flame-retardant process based on curing with ammonia gas, ie, THPC—amide—NH, consisted of padding cotton with a solution containing THPC, TMM, and urea. The fabric was dried and then cured with either gaseous ammonia or ammonium hydroxide (96). There was Httle or no reaction with cellulose. A very stable polymer was deposited in situ in the cellulose matrix. Because the fire-retardant finish did not actually react with the cellulose matrix, there was generally Httle loss in fabric strength. However, the finish was very effective and quite durable to laundering. 

THPOH—Ammonia—Tris Finish. By far the most effective finish for polyester—cotton textiles was a system based on the THPOH—NH treatment of the cotton component either foUowed or preceded by the appUcation of Tris finish to the polyester component. This combined treatment appeared to be effective on almost any polyester—cotton blend. A large amount of fabric treated in this way was sold throughout the United States and much of the rest of the world. Shortly after the introduction of Tris finishing, Tris was found to be a carcinogen. Most of the Tris treated production was in children s sleepwear, and this created a situation in which almost aU chemical fire-retardant-treated textiles were unfairly condemned as dangerous. Manufacturers mshed to replace chemically treated textiles with products produced from inherently flame-resistant fibers. Nowhere was the impact more severe than in the children s sleepwear market. New, safer materials have been introduced to replace Tris. Thus far none has been as completely effective. 

THPC—Amide—PoIy(vinyI bromide) Finish. A flame retardant based on THPC—amide plus poly(vinyl bromide) [25951-54-6] (143) has been reported suitable for use on 35/65, and perhaps on 50/50, polyester—cotton blends. It is appUed by the pad-dry-cure process, with curing at 150°C for about 3 min. A typical formulation contains 20% THPC, 3% disodium hydrogen phosphate, 6% urea, 3% trimethylolglycouril [496-46-8] and 12% poly(vinyl bromide) soUds. Approximately 20% add-on is required to impart flame retardancy to a 168 g/m 35/65 polyester—cotton fabric. Treated fabrics passed the FF 3-71 test. However, as far as can be determined, poly(vinyl bromide) is no longer commercially available. 

Phosphonium Salt—Urea Precondensate. A combination approach for producing flame-retardant cotton-synthetic blends has been developed based on the use of a phosphonium salt—urea precondensate (145). The precondensate is appUed to the blend fabric from aqueous solution. The fabric is dried, cured with ammonia gas, and then oxidized. This forms a flame-resistant polymer on and in the cotton fibers of the component. The synthetic component is then treated with either a cycUc phosphonate ester such as Antiblaze 19/ 19T, or hexabromocyclododecane. The result is a blended textile with good flame resistance. Another patent has appeared in which various modifications of the original process have been claimed (146). Although a few finishers have begun to use this process on blended textiles, it is too early to judge its impact on the industry. 

Fabric-Based Grades. Grade C is made from cotton fabric weighing over 140 g/m (4 oz/yd ). The maximum thread count in any ply is 28/cm (72/in.) in the fiU direction, and the maximum total thread count in the warp and fiU directions is 56/cm (140/in.). Heavier fabrics provide higher impact strength but rougher machined edges. Its use for electrical apphcations is not recommended. 

Flame Retardants. The amount of research expended to develop flame-retardant (FR) finishes for cotton and other fabrics has been extremely large in comparison to the total amount of fabrics finished to be flame retardant. The extent of this work can be seen in various reviews (146—148). In the early 1960s, a substantial market for FR children s sleepwear appeared to be developing, and substantial production of fabric occurred. In the case of cotton, the finish was based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC) or the corresponding sulfate (THPS). This chemical was partly neutralized to THPOH, padded on fabric, dried under controlled conditions, and ammoniated. The finish was subsequently oxidized, yielding a product that passed the test for FR performance. This process is widely preferred to the THPOH—NH process. 

A variety of chemical products and fabrics are reputed to be antibacterial and to prevent odors and the spread of infection (170). One such finish is based on an organosiUcon quaternary ammonium chloride compound (171). Chemical finishing of cotton has also been directed toward improving soil release (172,173), antistatic treatments (174), and rot resistance (175,176). 

CP esters are generally prepared as the ammonium salt [9038-38-4] by the reaction of cellulose with phosphoric acid and urea at elevated temperatures (130—150°C). The effects of temperature and urea/H PO /cellulose composition on product analysis have been investigated (33). One of the first commercially feasible dameproofing procedures for cotton fabric, the Ban-Flame process (34,35), was based on this chemistry. It consists of mixing cellulose with a mixture of 50% urea, 18% H PO, and 32% water. It is then pressed to remove excess solution, heated to 150—175°C for 5—30 minutes, and thoroughly washed (36). 

CeUulases have appeared in a few laundry detergents around the world. Since there are few, if any, ceUulase-based soils present on home laundry, any laundering benefit from ceUulase would be expected to come from action on cotton fabric. The nature and magnitude of such benefits is uncertain (see Enzya s, Ejdusthial Applications). 

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